Genetics quiz
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Trait | Characteristic an organism may pass on to its offspring through its genes. Examples: eye color and height
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| allele | Different forms of a gene. For example, the gene that controls stem height in peas has one allele for tall stems and one allele for short stems.
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| gene | Factor that controls a trait.
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| genotype | An organism's genetic make-up or its allele combinations
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| phenotype | An organism's physical appearance.
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| homozygous | A organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.
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| heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Also can be called a "hybrid" organism.
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| hybrid | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Also can be called a "heterozygous" organism.
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| punnett square | A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.
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| probability | A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. It can be expressed as a percentage or a fraction.
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| dominant allele | The alleles that always appears in the organism when the allele is present.
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| recessive allele | An allele that shows up in an organism only if a dominant allele is not present.
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| codominant | Situation in which alleles are neither dominant or recessive, such that both alleles are represented in the offspring.
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| Whose discoveries formed the foundation of genetics? | Gregor Mendel, a 19th century priest. Studied the traits of pea plants. He discovered genes and alleles. Before this, people thought that the traits of an organism were simply a blend of their parents' characteristics.
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| genetics | the scientific study of heredity
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| heredity | the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
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| fertilization | joining of an egg and sperm
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| purebred organism | the offspring of many generations that have the same trait -- purebred short pea plants always come from short parent plants
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| technique that Mendel used to study genetics of pea plants | cross pollinization -- he removed pollen from a flower on one plan and brushed it onto the flower of a second plant.
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| genetic disorder | an abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes.
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| What can cause genetic disorders? | Mutations in the DNA of genes or changes in the overall structure or number of chromosomes
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| pedigree | a chart or "family tree" that tracks which embers of a family have a particular trait.
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| karyotype | a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell
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| what do genetic counselors do? | they help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder. They use karyotypes, pedigree charts, and punnett squares.
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| selective breeding | the process of selecting organisms with desired traits to be parents of the next generation -- e.g., seeds from the healthiest plants
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| inbreeding | crossing 2 individuals that have similar characteristics. e.g., plump, fast growing turkeys
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| hybridization | crossing 2 genetically different individuals -- bred to have the best traits from both parents. e.g. corn that produces many kernels and corn that is resistant to disease.
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| clone | an organism that has exactly the same genes as the organism from which it was produced.
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| genetic engineering | genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism. Sometimes bacteria are used to do this because they reproduce quickly
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| gene therapy | involves inserting copies of a gene directly into a person's cells, to try to correct genetic disorders in humans
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| genome | all the DNA in one cell of an organism
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| Goal of the Human Genome Project | to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome
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| sperm | the male sex cell or gamete
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| a yeast cell reproduces by... | asexual reproduction -- budding
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| cell division that creates sex cells
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| bacterium reproduce by | cell fission
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| starfish | organism that can undergo regeneration of severed parts
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| egg | female sex cell or gamete
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| meiosis | cell division to replace damaged skin cells
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| What process would be used to produce corn that is taller and produces more ears than average? | selective breeding
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| When an amoeba, a one-celled organism divides, this is an example of __________________ reproduction | asexual
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| You are a multi-cellular organism. Where did all of your cells originate? | 1 fertilized egg
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| vegetative propagation | the ability of plants to reproduce without sexual reproduction, by producing new plants from existing vegetative structures.
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| budding | a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
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| binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells
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| regeneration | a form of asexual reproduction where an animal amputates its limb and that limb grows into a full animal that is genetically identical to the parent
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| runners | horizontal stems
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Created by:
lblumberg
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