Environmental Ecology- Food, Soil, & Pest Management
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Food Security | 1/6 people in developing countries facing food insecurity in form of malnutrition and chronic hunger.
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| Macronutrients | Protein, carbs, fats (lipids)
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| Micronutrients | Vitamins/minerals
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| Food Production Systems | 1. Croplands
2. Rangeland/Pastures
3. Ocean fisheries
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| Croplands | Responsible for 77% of worlds food (grains, wheat, rice corn)- feeds 2/3 of world's population. Responsible for 47% of all calories- measure of energy value of food in terms of heat output
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| Rangeland/pastures | Meat production- 16% of world's food production
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| Ocean fisheries | 7% of world's food production.
Aquaculture- fresh water pond production of fish (catfish, tilapia, freshwater shrimp)
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| Topsoil | 6-8 inches- most production (renewable natural resource, but very slow 10-100 years) wind/water erosion- soil runoff- natural/human activities, vegetation removal, strip mining
Effects: loss of soil fertility, increased water pollution
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| Irrigation | Importing fresh water to grow crops. 20% of cropland production (1/5) in world is irrigate- produces 45% of world's food
Problem: salinization-build up of thin layers of salt; stunted crop growth, low crop yields, kills plants
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| Reduce Soil Erosion | 1. No-till Cultivation- seeds injected underground (hi-tech)
2. Terracing- (stair-step)
3. Contour planting- (strip-cropping)
4. Alley Cropping
5. Windbreaks
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| Restore Soil Fertility | 1. Use of inorganic fertilizers
2. Use of organic fertilizers (animal manure)
3. Composting small scale
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| 1950's Green Revolution | Period in time wen we developed a hi-tech agricultural output- inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, irrigation process, increase crop yield, multiple cropping
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| GMO | Genetically modified organisms (grains, wheat, corn, rice) increased crop yield, herbicide resistance (round-up ready) increased cancer rate, increase fertility rate- male and female, allergies
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| Meat Production | 1. Grazing livestock (grass feed)- natural 50%
2.Industrialized (factory like)- grains, less environmentally and economically sound- must feed=$ & energy consumption & waste pollution
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| Pest | Any species that interfere with human welfare by competing with us for
1. Food supplies
2. Destroy buildings/materials (termites)
3. Spread disease (vectors)
4. Destroy ecosystem
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| Pesticide Types | 1. Man-made synthetic- (50x greater)
2. Natural pesticides- pansies, marigold, garlic, & rosemary
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| Man-Made Synthetic Pesticide Advantages | 1. Saves human lives
2. Increased food supplies
3. Increased farmer profits
4. Work faster
5. Health risks lowered (if properly used)
6. Newer pesticides safer
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| Man-Made Synthetic Pesticide Disadvantages | 1. Genetic resistance by pests
2. Financial treadmill
3. Kills natural predators (bats, birds)
4. Can pollute environment
5. Can kill wildlife
6. Endangered/threatened species
7. Human health- children (organ shortage- liver)
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| Pest Control Alternatives (Larger Scale) | 1. Fool pests- rotating crops & planting time
2. Homes for pest enemies (lizards)
3. Genetic resistance for crops
4. Natural Enemies (Parasites, Viruses, bacteria)
5. Use hot scalding water spray
6. Use hormones- disrupt life cycles of pests
7. Pher
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