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Ch 10: Food, Soil, &
Environmental Ecology- Food, Soil, & Pest Management
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Food Security | 1/6 people in developing countries facing food insecurity in form of malnutrition and chronic hunger. |
| Macronutrients | Protein, carbs, fats (lipids) |
| Micronutrients | Vitamins/minerals |
| Food Production Systems | 1. Croplands 2. Rangeland/Pastures 3. Ocean fisheries |
| Croplands | Responsible for 77% of worlds food (grains, wheat, rice corn)- feeds 2/3 of world's population. Responsible for 47% of all calories- measure of energy value of food in terms of heat output |
| Rangeland/pastures | Meat production- 16% of world's food production |
| Ocean fisheries | 7% of world's food production. Aquaculture- fresh water pond production of fish (catfish, tilapia, freshwater shrimp) |
| Topsoil | 6-8 inches- most production (renewable natural resource, but very slow 10-100 years) wind/water erosion- soil runoff- natural/human activities, vegetation removal, strip mining Effects: loss of soil fertility, increased water pollution |
| Irrigation | Importing fresh water to grow crops. 20% of cropland production (1/5) in world is irrigate- produces 45% of world's food Problem: salinization-build up of thin layers of salt; stunted crop growth, low crop yields, kills plants |
| Reduce Soil Erosion | 1. No-till Cultivation- seeds injected underground (hi-tech) 2. Terracing- (stair-step) 3. Contour planting- (strip-cropping) 4. Alley Cropping 5. Windbreaks |
| Restore Soil Fertility | 1. Use of inorganic fertilizers 2. Use of organic fertilizers (animal manure) 3. Composting small scale |
| 1950's Green Revolution | Period in time wen we developed a hi-tech agricultural output- inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, irrigation process, increase crop yield, multiple cropping |
| GMO | Genetically modified organisms (grains, wheat, corn, rice) increased crop yield, herbicide resistance (round-up ready) increased cancer rate, increase fertility rate- male and female, allergies |
| Meat Production | 1. Grazing livestock (grass feed)- natural 50% 2.Industrialized (factory like)- grains, less environmentally and economically sound- must feed=$ & energy consumption & waste pollution |
| Pest | Any species that interfere with human welfare by competing with us for 1. Food supplies 2. Destroy buildings/materials (termites) 3. Spread disease (vectors) 4. Destroy ecosystem |
| Pesticide Types | 1. Man-made synthetic- (50x greater) 2. Natural pesticides- pansies, marigold, garlic, & rosemary |
| Man-Made Synthetic Pesticide Advantages | 1. Saves human lives 2. Increased food supplies 3. Increased farmer profits 4. Work faster 5. Health risks lowered (if properly used) 6. Newer pesticides safer |
| Man-Made Synthetic Pesticide Disadvantages | 1. Genetic resistance by pests 2. Financial treadmill 3. Kills natural predators (bats, birds) 4. Can pollute environment 5. Can kill wildlife 6. Endangered/threatened species 7. Human health- children (organ shortage- liver) |
| Pest Control Alternatives (Larger Scale) | 1. Fool pests- rotating crops & planting time 2. Homes for pest enemies (lizards) 3. Genetic resistance for crops 4. Natural Enemies (Parasites, Viruses, bacteria) 5. Use hot scalding water spray 6. Use hormones- disrupt life cycles of pests 7. Pher |
Created by:
ginganinjaem
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