Music Appreciation
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| Romantic Era | -Expansion of Industrial Revolution
-Valves added to brass instruments
-Cast-iron frame and thicker strings in piano
-Musical Conservatories
-Orchestral expansion
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| Style Traits of Romantic Music | -beautiful and expressive melodies (rhapsodic)
-Ingenious harmonies
-expanded forms
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| Beethoven | -Germany composer/pianist
-from musical family
-welcomed by Vienna
-treated as equal, not as a servant
-modified patronage
-concert life and music publishing
-hearing loss
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| Symphony No.5 in C Minor | -composer: Beethoven
-Minor to Major
-Cyclical form - one rhythmic motive dominates the entire work
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| Symphony No.5 Mvt I: Allegro con, brio, sonata-allegro form | "three short and a long," SSSL, dominates everything
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| Symphony No.5 Mvt II: Serene | -double theme with variations
-recurrence of cyclic rhythmic idea
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| Symphony No.5 Mvt III: Scherzo-and -trio | -recurrence of cyclic rhythmic idea
-third and fourth movement linked
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| Symphony No.5 Mvt IV: Sonata-allegro form | -recurrence of cyclic rhythmic idea
-extended coda
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| Romantic Song | -In German: Lied (singular), Lieder (plural)
-In French: Chanson(s)
-In English: Art Song
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| Stophic | music stays the same, but words change
- verse-verse-verse
- verse-chorus-verse-chorus
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| though-composed | new material(music) throughout
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| Modified strophic | strophic with "departure" (combines features of two other forms)
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| Genre-Lieder | -created by Franz Schubert, a German language composer
-voice and piano
-German text
-poetic themes of love and nature
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| Franz Schubert | -Viennese composer
-musical talent discovered early
-socially shy (home and salon concerts)
-death at early age(31)
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| Schubert's Music | -classical and romantic traits
-600-plus songs
-piano work / Lieder
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| Erlkonig-composition | -composer: Schubert
-poet: Goethe
-one singer / four characters
-though-composed
-piano establishes and drives atmosphere
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| Robert Schuman | -from Germany
-sought to be a pianist
-turned to composition and music criticism
-married a noted pianist/composer
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| Schuman's Music | -Characteristics: impassioned melody, unique atmosphere(chromatic harmonies), driving rhythms
-Lieder with several song cycles
-4 symphonies
-piano pieces
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| Style traits of romantic music | -beautiful and expressive melodies (rhapsodic)
-Ingenious harmonies - Chromaticism
-Expanded forms - long/"stretched," molded to personal purpose
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| Sonata | an instrumental work for one or two instruments, usually consisting of three or four contrasting movements
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| "Moonlight" Sonata | -Beethoven: Op.7, No.21
-1st Mvt descending, negative
-2nd Mvt ascending, positive
-3rd Mvt flat
-4th Mvt diminution, sounds like laughter
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| Opus | means work
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| "Moonlight" Sonata Mvt 1 | -delicate, singing melody
-etheral mood/right-hand arpeggios
-modified strophic form
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| arpeggios | a broken chord
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| "Moonlight" Sonata Mvt 2 | -allegretto tempo (moderately fast)
-scherzo-and-trio form
-Franz Liszt described the second movement as "a flower between two chasms"
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| "Moonlight" Sonata Mvt 3 | -most important movement last
-sonata-allegro form
-ferocity is astonishing
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| "Kreutzer" Sonata | -Beethoven-Violin Sonata No.9, Op.47, (ca.46 min. long)
-three movements: sonata allegro, theme and variation, rondo
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| Rondo | musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic key common configurations include: A-B-A-C-A-B-A
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| Beethoven Cello Sonata No.2 | -two movements: adagio sostenudo esspressivo- allegro molto piu tosto presto, and rondo
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| Tempo Rubato (robbed tempo or borrowed time) | a performance practice of the Romantic Era in which a performer seems to slow down to relish a phrase, and then hurry forward-imposing his or her personal expression upon the written note values
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| Clara Schumann | -lived in Germany
-pianist(composer)
-first public concert at nine
-married Robert Schumann over her father's permission
-dedicated interpreter of Robert's music
-Long-time friend of Johannes Brahms
-performed here music early in her career
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| Clara Schumann's Music | -difficult and deeply introspective
-lieder
-choral pieces
-piano trio (first repartee for women)
-piano music (including a concerto)
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| Concerto | -musical composition of three movements where a solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra
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| Character Piece (book calls them short lyric piano pieces) | -convenient term for a large repertory of short, 19th- century compositions, mostly for piano, or for piano and one other instrument
-designed to express a define mood, character or programmatic idea
-in character of: "Prelude," "Intermezzo," "Impromptu
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| Impromptu | a musical composition that sounds extemporaneous and unrehearsed
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| Etude (French) | a study like piece that focuses on a particular technical challenge
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| Polanaise | a stately polish processional and dance in triple meter
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| Mazurka | a lively polish dance resembling a polka in triple meter
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| Romantic Style | melody
-thematic transformation
-com-positional technique
-"Alternation of the character of a theme by means of subtle changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythms, when it returns to a related movement of section"
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| Chopin - composer | -from Poland
-Father was French
-career in Paris (because of the war in Poland)
-The "poet of the piano"- because he had a gentle personality
-Paramour of Geoge Sand (Aurora Dudevant)-change her name to get her pieces written
-early death at age 39
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| Chopin's Music | -Smaller forms: nocturnes, preludes, impromptus, waltzes, mazurkas, etudes
-Lager: ballades, polonaises, a fantasy, sonatas,piano concertos
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| Mazurka in B-flat minor, Op.24, No.4 | -form: Intro-A-B-A-B-A-C-D-A (quasi-rittornello)
-tempo rubato
repetition and thematic composition
-vocally inspired melodies
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| Staccato | dittached artticulation
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| Lagatto | smoothly connected
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| genre- program music | instrumental music with a literary or pictorial association
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| absolute music | is opposite of program music & does not paint a picture.
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| delacroix | from Paris; painter. Paris= major music center
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| Romanticism- general characteristic & theme | emotional subjectivity, nature, nationalism, fantasy
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| what is nationalism? | show of love of homeland through folk songs in classical music
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| What are examples of "fantasy' from Romanticism period? | Shelley's "Frankenstein" wrote when he was 18; Symphonic fantastique; Chivalry/the romance of the middle ages
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| What are the types (genres) forms that are considered general? | miniature compositions and monumental compositions
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| Describe the elements of a miniature composiition | designed for intimate surrounding; intense mood; few resources (1 singer & 1 piano; art song/lieder/chansons; character pieces 1 pianio
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| Describe the elements of a monumental composiition | designed for large halls; huge #'s of performers; several hours in duration; Requiem, Berlioz
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| What are the 4 main types of program music of the Romantic Era? | 1.Concert overture
2.Incidental music
3.Program symphony
4.Symphonic poem
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| What is a concert overture? | an independent one movement work to open a concert; Romantic Era; genre- program music
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| What is incidental music? | Romantic Era; genre- program music-
all music needed to present a dramatic presentation.
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| what is program symphony music? | Romantic Era; genre- program music- musical work in several movements that together tell a story.
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| what is symphonic poem? | Romantic Era; genre- program music- also called a TONE POEM; large single movement that is several segments tell a story; By Franz List
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| A Compose- Berlioz | French, composer, journalist & conductor; Paris & young France; Beethoven & Shakespeare; Prix de Rome; Harriet Smithoson
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| What is Prix de Rome? | Rome prize of all payed for two years to write music in Rome
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| Describe Berlioz's music | Dramatic, vivid & powerful; huge forces; instrumental music: program symphonies, concert overtures; vocal music: operas, sacred worked; "the creator of the modern orchestra"- classic text on orchestration
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| Notes on a composition- Symphonic fantastique | Composer: Berlioz; Genre: program symphony;5 movements; sic-let composition; Idee fixe (Harriet)desire/opium induced nightmare.
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| Movement IV (Symphonic fantastique) | composer: Berlioz; "March to the Scaffold"; Last view of "Infernal Passion/Beloved"; brief solo clarinet idee fixe;Pizzicato notes
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| What are Pizzicato notes? | plucking the notes with your finger instead of the bow; used in Movement IV (Symphonic fantastique)
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| Movement V (Symphonic fantastique) | song d'une nuit: use of Gregorian dies irea (day of death); expanded orchestration: church bells & ophicleide; unusual effects: con lego
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| what does con lego mean? | "with the wood"; used in Movement V (Symphonic fantastique); playing with the wood of the bow
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| What style (genre) of music reflects pride for the homeland expressed in music that projects the spirit of the people and a place? | Musial Nationalism
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| What are the programs based on in musical nationalism genre? | national hero, historic event, scene of beauty, land, etc.
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| What composer is associated with Musial Nationalism? | Franz Liszt
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| What is Franz List known for? | Hungarian Nationalism; Father of modern piano technique;
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| Who was Franz List's friend and what did he do? | Berlioz; arranged symphony for the piano
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| Who was the "most dazzling of the heroic virtuosos?" | Franz Liszt
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| Why was Fran List regarded as the "most dazzling of the heroic virtuosos?" | fabulous digiital dexterity; passionate performace; great showman; undeniable sexulaity
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| Who composed the Hungarian Rhapsody, No. 5 in E minor? | Franz Liszt
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| Hungarian Rhapsody, No. 5 in E minor was considered a Laboratory experience, why? | theme in cello, then violin, then solo cello; gypsy violins; somber music; conductor was sitting because he was dying of cancer; all men except for 1 woman harp player.
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| Who was Bedrich Smetana? | Bohemia composer; revolution against Austria; Naitionalist operas e.g. The Bantered Bride
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| Who was the Bohemian composer who made a cycle of 6 poems, Ma Vast, "Motherland" and his syphilis made him deaf? | Bedrich Smetana
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| Notes on composition "Vitava" | composer: Bedrich Smetana; second of the symphonic poems from Ma Vast; River Ultava ("Maldau" in German)
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| What does the music in River Ultava suggest? | fantasy scenes along the shore of the river
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| What are the themes in River Ultava ? | Two rivulets theme- The river theme; Fox Hunt (french horns); Dance @ peasant wedding; water nymphs in the moonlight; the river theme; St. John rapids; The river theme in major; the great castes & cathedrals in Prague
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| Part Song | -for small or "smallish" ensembles
-primarily honophonic
-"Incidental polyphony"
-performed frequently, with one voice per part
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| Liebeslieder Waltzer | -composer: Brahms
-"love song waltzes"
-SATB and piano (four hand)
38 waltzes in two sets
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| Choral Society | -chorus as an artistic outlet for middle classes
-social endeavor
-small and large
-increasing popular in late 1900's
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| Verdi | -from Italy
-operas, church music
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| Manzoni Requiem (Verdi) | -to big for liturgical presentation
-movement Libera me: Dies irae ("Day of ire/Judgement"), requiem aeternam ("Eternal rest")
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| Mahler | -from Bohemia / worked in Vienna
-closed his career in NY City
-symphonies and songs
-composed "Resurrection Symphony": soloist, four-part chorus, and orchestra, climax on top of climax on top of climax
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| Lyric Opera | romantic opera from France by Bizet
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| Grand Opera | -romantic opera from France by Gounod
-focusing on serious, historical plots with huge choruses, crowd scenes, elaborate dance episodes, ornate costumes, and spectacular scenery
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| Music Drama | romantic opera from Germany by Wagner
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| Opera seria | romantic opera from Italy by Verdi
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| Verismo | romantic opera from Italy by Puccini
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| Bel canto | -romantic opera from Italy
-composers: Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini
-"Beautiful Singing"
-long melodic phrases
-extreme vocal colortoura / melisma / fioratuna (other name for coloroura)
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| Number Opera | -Italian Opera
-series of movements (or "musical numbers")
-big arias for sopranos of tenor
-love duet
-big chorus
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| Barber of Seville | -composer: Gioacchino Rossini
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| Puccini | -Italy
-great operatic successes
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| Madama Butterfly | -composer: Puccini
-verismo and exoticism
-based on play and short story
-disastrous premiere, then revised
-Cio-Cio-San is central tragi-heroic character
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| Ballet | -a theatrical performance by a dancing group, usually with costumes and scenery, to the accompaniment of music, but customarily without singing or speech
-style characteristics: tells a story (program music), multi-movement, thematic transformation
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| Tchaikovsky | -Russian composer
-not a Russian nationalist
-disastrous marriage because of his homosexuality
-never met, Nadezhada von Meck by her stipulation
-died suddenly at age 53
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| Sleeping Beauty | -composer: Tchaikovsky
-about Princess Auora
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| Thematic Transformation | theme repeats multiple times
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| Aria | highest manifestation of a song, exert from a larger work
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| Wagner (Vahgner) | -From Germany
-"Grand opera"-nationalistic operas
-wrote own libretti
-wrote music drama
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| Gesamtkunstwerk - perfect mingling of... | music, poetry & prose, acting & dancing, plastic art and architecture
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| Leidmotif (definition) | 1: a melodic phrase or figure (motive/theme) that evokes...an idea, person, or situation
2: a dominant recurring theme
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| Der Ring de Nibelungen | -means: The Ring of Nibelungen
-I: Das Rheingold
-II: Die Walkure (the valkyries)
-III: Siegfried (true hero)
-IV: Gotterdammerung (the twilight of the God)
-characters: Wotan, Loge, Brunnhilde, Siegfried
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