Marine Ecology Exam2
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| What is ecology? | The study of interactions of living organisms with biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environment
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| List the ecological levels. | Organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem
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| What is population ecology? | The study of interactions of a population with their environment, focusing on factors that influence population diversity and growth
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| What types of questions do researchers ask? (4) | abundance, density, distribution, characteristics
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| What is abundance? | # of individuals
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| What is density? | # of individuals per unit
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| What is distribution? | Geographic location, patterns
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| What are characteristics? | structure (example: proportion of individuals of each age/gender)
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| What is a habitat? | place or environment situation where an organism lives. combination of physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) factors
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| Does an individual always have to live in the same habitat? | No. Young vs. old have different habitats.
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| What is diversity? | the number and relative abundance of species in a community
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| What is species richness? | the total number of species in a community
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| What is relative abundance? | How common or rare a species is compared to other species
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| What are interspecific interactions? | any interaction between members of different species
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| What is competition? | competing for physical resource such as food or space. Negative for both parties.
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| What is predation? | One organism eating another. Good for one, bad for the other.
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| What is symbiosis and what are the three subcategories of symbiosis? | 2 organisms living together
1. Parasitism
2. Mutualism
3. Commensalism
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| What is parasitism? | One organism lives off another. Good for the parasite, bad for the host.
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| What is mutualism? | Both parties benefit
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| What is commensalism? | Positive for one party, neutral for the other.
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| What is the intertidal zone? | The sea floor that lies between the highest high and the lowest low tide.
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| How is the intertidal zone a unique environment? | Marine organisms are regularly exposed to air so they must have ways to cope with the exposure.
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| What are tides? | Periodic, rhythmic rise and fall of the sea surface
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| What pulls water towards the moon? | Gravity
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| What causes water to move away from the moon? | Centrifugal force
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| Where are the high and low tides in relation to the bulges? | High tide is under the bulge and the low tide is away from the bulge
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| What else produces tidal bulges? | The sun
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| What is the effect of the tidal bulge produced by the sun? | about half of the moon's
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| How are spring tides formed? | The sun and moon are in line and, resulting in large tidal ranges
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| How are neap tides formed? | The sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in a small tidal change
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| What is a semidiurnal tide? Where is one found? | 2 high and 2 low tides a day
NYC
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| What are mixed tides? Where is one found? | unequal heights
Seattle
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| What are diurnal tides? Where is one found? | 1 high and 1 low tide a day
Pensacola, Florida
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| What is a substrate? What is affected by the substrate? | Type of bottom or in which an organism lives. The lifestyle of organisms depend on the substrate
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| What is the epifauna? | Organisms that live on the surface of substrate
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| What is infauna? | organisms that burrow/live in the substrate
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| Where do rocky shores occur? | On steep coasts without much sediment
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| What is the rocky shore on the west coast of North America like? | Active margin
uplifted by geological processes
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| What is the rocky shore on the east coast of north america like? | Rebounded after ice sheets scraped sediment away
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| What is the rocky shore on Hawaii like? | geologically very young
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| What protists can be found in a rocky intertidal? | seaweed, kelp, plankton
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| What fungi can be found in a rocky intertidal? | lichen
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| What are 4 invertebrate phyla that can be found in a rocky intertidal? | Crustacea, enchitodermata, mollusca, cnidaria
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| What are 3 vertebrae classes that can be found in a rocky intertidal? | aves, mammalian, osteichthyes
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| What is the common name for an anthozoan? | Sea anenome
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| What phylum is the anthozoan in? | Cnidaria
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| How does an anthozoan capture prey? | With nematocysts
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| What organisms are classified as gastropods? | snails, limpets, abalones, nudibranchs
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| What phylum are gastropods in? | Mollusca
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| What is unique about gastropods? | They are a coiled mass of internal organs enclosed by a shell
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| What do gastropods use to scrape algae from rocks? | Radula
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| Nudibranchs have lost their shell. What are their defense mechanisms? | ink
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| What organisms are classified as bivalves? | clams, mussels, oysters
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| What are 2 unique qualities of bivalves? | 2-valved shell and strong muscles to close valves
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| How do muscles attach to rocks? | byssal threads
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| Bivalves lack a radula that gastropods have, so how do they feed? | gills used for respiration and filter feeding
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| What organisms are classified as crustaceans? | shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnacles
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| What phylum are crustaceans in? | arthropoda
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| How do crustaceans feed? | barnacles filter feed, crabs are scavengers
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| What organisms are classified as enchinodermata? | sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
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| What type of symmetry do enchinidermata have and what is the advantage of it? | radial symmetry. Slow moving so better response
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| What happened to bilateral symmetry in enchinodermata? | retained in larval stage
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| What does it mean to be sessile? | not moving (sea anenomes)
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| What is detritus? What makes of det | All dead matter in the ocean
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| In an intertidal, who are the primary producers? | seaweeds, diatoms, seagrasses
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| In an intertidal, who are the grazers and what do they eat? | Limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins. They eat seaweeds, diatoms, and seagrasses.
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| In an intertidal, who are the scavengers and what do they eat? | Crabs, amphipods, isopods. They eat detritus.
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| In an intertidal, who are the filter feeders and what do they eat? | Mussels and barnacles. They eat plankton.
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| In an intertidal, who are the carnivores? | sea stars, snails, fishes, crabs, flatworms, birds. They eat grazers (limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins), scavengers (crabs, amphipods, isopods), and filter feeders (mussels, barnacles)
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| What is wave shock? | Change in intensity of the waves. When the tide is in, organisms have to deal with wave shock.
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| What is a wave? | an undulation that forms as a disturbance moves along the surface of the water.
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| How do water particles in a wave move? | They move in circles
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| What carries energy across sea surface? | waves
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| What determines size of waves? | wind speed and duration
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| What is the fetch? | the span of water over which wind blows
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| What is a tsunami? | long, fast waves produced by earthquakes and other seismic disturbances of the sea floor
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| How fast can a tsunami travel? | 700 km/hr +
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| What is the average height of a tsunami? | 1 meter in the open ocean but it can gain tremendous height in shallow water
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| What is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history? | 2004 9.0 quake in Indonesia
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| What are the daily stresses faced by intertidal life? | desiccation, temperature, salinity, feeding, wave shock
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| What is desiccation? | The tendency to dry out during emersion
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| How is temperature a stress? | Extreme variation during emersion or in shallow tidepools
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| How is salinity a stress? | extreme variations, exposure to fresh water, evaporation
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| How is feeding a stress? | Most organisms cannot feed when the tide is out
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| What is wave shock? | variation in the intensity of wave impact
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| What are solutions to stresses? | prevent stress, tolerate stress, avoid stress
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| How can an organism prevent stress? | 1. run and hide
2. clam up
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| How can an organism tolerate stress? | morphological structures
physiological structures
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