Study stack for Rebar, Chapters 1,5,4
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| Phylogeny | The Origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification, usually presented as a dendrogram.
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| homology | Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a common anscestor. Usually has a similar embryonic origin.
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| nested hierarchy | ordering of species into a series of increasingly more inclusive clades according to the taxonomic distribution of synamorphies.
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| clade | A taxon or other group consisting of a particular ancestral lineage and all of its descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram, or phylogenic treee.
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| synapomorphy | shared evolutionarily derived character states that are used to recover patterns of common descent among two or more species. example: both owls and sparrows have feathers.
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| Allopatric Speciation | New species arising through geographical area.
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| Adaptive radiation | Evolutionary diversification that produces numerous ecologically disparate lineages from a single ancestral one.
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| Historical Evolution | A change in species through time.
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| Mechanism for change | artificial selection or teleological. Example: dog breeding.
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| Mechanism for change | Natural selection or nonteleological. Example: selection/passingon of a trait in nature.
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| Mechanisms that change allel frequency | mutation, migration, genetic drift.
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| Special case of Genetic Drift: Bottleneck | bottleneck: a reduction in population size makes population more susceptible to genetic drift and thus results in a loss of genetic variability and genetic representation.
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| Example of Bottleneck | Nothern Elephant Seals, cheetahs.
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| Natural Selection | Certain traits give their possessors more advantages in survival and reproduction.
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| Adaptation | microevolution:
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| speciation | macroevolution
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| Protozoa: Ecological Relationships | Everywhere, but require moisture. 10,000 are symbiotic (mutualist, commensalist or parasitist.
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| Protozoa move by- | Pseudopodia, which make use of temporary extensions of the cytoplasm; Cilia, which are many short fibers made of microtubules; and Flagella which are longer cilia, in which there is only one or two.
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| Two kinds of cytoplasm | Ectoplasm (plasmogel) and Endoplasm (plasmasol).
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| Protozoa feed by- | phagocytosis in which it surrounds its food and engulfs it in a food vacuole.
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| Axoneme | "9+2" tube of microtubules in a flagellum or cilium, which is covered by a membrane continuous with the plasma membrane.
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| kinetosome/basal body | the connection between the axoneme, the inner plate and consists of triplets of microtubules, the same in structure as centrioles.
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| Nutrition of the Protozoa is: | heterotrophic or autotrophic.
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| Digestion of the Protozoa occurs: | Intracellularly through phagocytosis.
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| Protozoa remove waste through_____ and water through ______. | excretion (through the cell membrane, osmoregulation.
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| Two other protists which make use of calcerous and silecious shells are: | Foraminifera and Radiolarians.
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| Tonicity | The relative concentration of two solutes within fluids (two fluids relative to each other).
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| Kinds of Tonicity: | Isotonic (balanced), Hypotonic (solutes > Solvent/water), Hypertonic (solute < solvent/water)
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| Depending on tonicity water flows: | Hypertonic in the cell, water flows in. Hypotonic in the cell, water flows out.
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| Schizogony | Multiple fission (many mitotic divisons and then cytokinesis).
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| Kinds of Flagellates: | Euglena/volvox (cholorplasts), Dinoflagellates (two flagella), terminite flagellates (Giardia, Trypanosoma Brucei Trypanosoma Cruzi).
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| Kinds of Amoebas | Entamoeba hystolytica, Foraminifera, Radiolarians.
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| Phylum Ciliophora: | always multinucleate (macronucleus and micronucleus). May have a pellicle, cytostome and trichocysts.
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| Seven mandatory Taxa/ranks: | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
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| The genus and species of an animal are written | Both italicized or underlined, the first letter of the genus capitalized.
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| Phylum Apicomplexa | All endoparasitic with an apical comples and many with spores (oocysts). Some may have invertebrate intermediate hosts (such as plasmodium or malaria).
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| Apical Complex. | A multi organelled part of those in Apicomplexa, which is used to penetrate the host cell.
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| Phylum: Plasmodium. | Malaria. (Types include: vivax, ovale, falciparum.)
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| Protostomes: | include spiral cleavage, some coelomates, primitive gut and blastopore. Animals with protosomal embryonic stages are annelids, platyhelminthes, Rotifers ect.
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| Deuterostomes: | include mostly radial cleavage, endomesoderm from the enterocoelous gut (except in chordates), all coelomates, anus forms at or near blastopore, mouth forms later in a nother place. Animals with Deuterostomal embyronic stages are phyla chordata ect.
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| Symmetry | Radial, Bilateral, Asymmetrical.
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| Anterior | Front of a animal.
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| Posterior | Rear of an animal.
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| Dorsal | Top of an animal.
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| Ventral | Bottom of an animal.
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| Eucoelomate | A true coelom lined with mesodermal peritoneum, also has a "tube-within-a-tube" arrangement. Includes Schizocoelous (split cavity) and enterocoelus (gut cavity).
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| Acoelomate | No body cavity surrounding the gut, no organs.
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| Pseudocoelomate | False cavity- tube within a tube. Two cavities with a persistent bastocoel within. Mesoderm only lines the ecoderm, and is usually a fluid filled space.
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| Metamerism | Segmentation (repitition of segments within an animal, along the longitudinal axis).
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