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Zoo Exam 1 Definint
Study stack for Rebar, Chapters 1,5,4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | The Origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification, usually presented as a dendrogram. |
| homology | Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a common anscestor. Usually has a similar embryonic origin. |
| nested hierarchy | ordering of species into a series of increasingly more inclusive clades according to the taxonomic distribution of synamorphies. |
| clade | A taxon or other group consisting of a particular ancestral lineage and all of its descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram, or phylogenic treee. |
| synapomorphy | shared evolutionarily derived character states that are used to recover patterns of common descent among two or more species. example: both owls and sparrows have feathers. |
| Allopatric Speciation | New species arising through geographical area. |
| Adaptive radiation | Evolutionary diversification that produces numerous ecologically disparate lineages from a single ancestral one. |
| Historical Evolution | A change in species through time. |
| Mechanism for change | artificial selection or teleological. Example: dog breeding. |
| Mechanism for change | Natural selection or nonteleological. Example: selection/passingon of a trait in nature. |
| Mechanisms that change allel frequency | mutation, migration, genetic drift. |
| Special case of Genetic Drift: Bottleneck | bottleneck: a reduction in population size makes population more susceptible to genetic drift and thus results in a loss of genetic variability and genetic representation. |
| Example of Bottleneck | Nothern Elephant Seals, cheetahs. |
| Natural Selection | Certain traits give their possessors more advantages in survival and reproduction. |
| Adaptation | microevolution: |
| speciation | macroevolution |
| Protozoa: Ecological Relationships | Everywhere, but require moisture. 10,000 are symbiotic (mutualist, commensalist or parasitist. |
| Protozoa move by- | Pseudopodia, which make use of temporary extensions of the cytoplasm; Cilia, which are many short fibers made of microtubules; and Flagella which are longer cilia, in which there is only one or two. |
| Two kinds of cytoplasm | Ectoplasm (plasmogel) and Endoplasm (plasmasol). |
| Protozoa feed by- | phagocytosis in which it surrounds its food and engulfs it in a food vacuole. |
| Axoneme | "9+2" tube of microtubules in a flagellum or cilium, which is covered by a membrane continuous with the plasma membrane. |
| kinetosome/basal body | the connection between the axoneme, the inner plate and consists of triplets of microtubules, the same in structure as centrioles. |
| Nutrition of the Protozoa is: | heterotrophic or autotrophic. |
| Digestion of the Protozoa occurs: | Intracellularly through phagocytosis. |
| Protozoa remove waste through_____ and water through ______. | excretion (through the cell membrane, osmoregulation. |
| Two other protists which make use of calcerous and silecious shells are: | Foraminifera and Radiolarians. |
| Tonicity | The relative concentration of two solutes within fluids (two fluids relative to each other). |
| Kinds of Tonicity: | Isotonic (balanced), Hypotonic (solutes > Solvent/water), Hypertonic (solute < solvent/water) |
| Depending on tonicity water flows: | Hypertonic in the cell, water flows in. Hypotonic in the cell, water flows out. |
| Schizogony | Multiple fission (many mitotic divisons and then cytokinesis). |
| Kinds of Flagellates: | Euglena/volvox (cholorplasts), Dinoflagellates (two flagella), terminite flagellates (Giardia, Trypanosoma Brucei Trypanosoma Cruzi). |
| Kinds of Amoebas | Entamoeba hystolytica, Foraminifera, Radiolarians. |
| Phylum Ciliophora: | always multinucleate (macronucleus and micronucleus). May have a pellicle, cytostome and trichocysts. |
| Seven mandatory Taxa/ranks: | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. |
| The genus and species of an animal are written | Both italicized or underlined, the first letter of the genus capitalized. |
| Phylum Apicomplexa | All endoparasitic with an apical comples and many with spores (oocysts). Some may have invertebrate intermediate hosts (such as plasmodium or malaria). |
| Apical Complex. | A multi organelled part of those in Apicomplexa, which is used to penetrate the host cell. |
| Phylum: Plasmodium. | Malaria. (Types include: vivax, ovale, falciparum.) |
| Protostomes: | include spiral cleavage, some coelomates, primitive gut and blastopore. Animals with protosomal embryonic stages are annelids, platyhelminthes, Rotifers ect. |
| Deuterostomes: | include mostly radial cleavage, endomesoderm from the enterocoelous gut (except in chordates), all coelomates, anus forms at or near blastopore, mouth forms later in a nother place. Animals with Deuterostomal embyronic stages are phyla chordata ect. |
| Symmetry | Radial, Bilateral, Asymmetrical. |
| Anterior | Front of a animal. |
| Posterior | Rear of an animal. |
| Dorsal | Top of an animal. |
| Ventral | Bottom of an animal. |
| Eucoelomate | A true coelom lined with mesodermal peritoneum, also has a "tube-within-a-tube" arrangement. Includes Schizocoelous (split cavity) and enterocoelus (gut cavity). |
| Acoelomate | No body cavity surrounding the gut, no organs. |
| Pseudocoelomate | False cavity- tube within a tube. Two cavities with a persistent bastocoel within. Mesoderm only lines the ecoderm, and is usually a fluid filled space. |
| Metamerism | Segmentation (repitition of segments within an animal, along the longitudinal axis). |
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al111816
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