Proteins
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| protein(peptide) | nitrogen-containing macronutrient made from amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| amino acid | nutrient composed of a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain group(R-group)
🗑
|
||||
| peptide bond | a chemical bond that joins amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| polypeptide | a string of 13+ amino acids held together via peptide bond
🗑
|
||||
| amino group | the nitrogen-containing component of an amino acid
🗑
|
||||
| R-group | the portion of an amino acid's structure that distinguishes it from other amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| alpha-keto acid | a compound that accepts an amino group from an amino acid in the process of transamination
🗑
|
||||
| transamination | the process whereby an amino group is formed via the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to another organic compound
🗑
|
||||
| phenylketonuria(PKU) | an inherited disease in which the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine
🗑
|
||||
| complete protein source | a food that contains all the essential amino acids in relative amounts needed by the body
🗑
|
||||
| incomplete protein source | a food that lacks or contains very low amounts of one or more essential amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| limiting amino acid | the essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein source
🗑
|
||||
| protein complementation | combining incomplete protein sources to provide all of the essential amino acids in relatively adequate amounts
🗑
|
||||
| high-quality protein source | a complete protein source with high amino acid bioavailability
🗑
|
||||
| low-quality protein source | a food that id either an incomplete protein source or one that has low amino acid bioavailability
🗑
|
||||
| genetically modified organism(GMO) | an organism(plant or animal) made by genetic engineering
🗑
|
||||
| cell signalling | the first step in protein synthesis, in which the cell recieves a signal to produce a protein. Note that this term is also used for a variety of other processes (aside from protein synthesis) within the cell
🗑
|
||||
| up-regulation | in the context of protein synthesis, increased expression of a gene
🗑
|
||||
| down-regulation | in the context of protein synthesis, decreased expression of a gene
🗑
|
||||
| transcription | the process whereby mRNA is made using DNA as a template
🗑
|
||||
| chromosomes | a strand of DNA and associated proteins in a cell's nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| gene | a portion of a chromosome that codes for the primary structure of a protein
🗑
|
||||
| messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) | a form of RNA involved in gene transcription
🗑
|
||||
| translation | the process whereby amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes, using mRNA and tRNA
🗑
|
||||
| ribosome | an organelle, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, involved in gene translation
🗑
|
||||
| transfer ribonucleic acid(tRNA) | a form of RNA in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation
🗑
|
||||
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids that make up a single peptide chain
🗑
|
||||
| sickle cell anemia | a disease in which a small change in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become misshapen and decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
🗑
|
||||
| secondary structure | folding of a protein because of weak bonds that form between elements of the amino acids backbone(not R-groups)
🗑
|
||||
| alpha-helix | a common configuration that makes up many proteins' secondary structures
🗑
|
||||
| Beta-folded sheet | a common configuration that makes up many proteins' secondary structures
🗑
|
||||
| tertiary structure | folding of a polypeptide chain because of interactions among the R-group of the amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| gene therapy | the use of altered genes to enhance health
🗑
|
||||
| quaternary structure | the combining of peptide chains with other peptide chains in a protein
🗑
|
||||
| prosthetic group | a nonprotein component of a protein that is part of the quaternary structure
🗑
|
||||
| denaturation | the alteration of a protein's 3-D structure by heat, acid, chemicals, enzymes, or agitation
🗑
|
||||
| genetic makeup | the particular DNA contained in a person's cells
🗑
|
||||
| mutation | the alteration of a gene
🗑
|
||||
| polymorphism | an alteration in a gene that is present in at least 1% of the population
🗑
|
||||
| epigenetics | alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence
🗑
|
||||
| nutrigenomics | the science of how genetics and nutrition together influence health
🗑
|
||||
| gastrin | a hormone, secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach, which stimulates the production and release of gastric juice
🗑
|
||||
| pepsinogen | the inactive from(proenzyme) of pepsin, produced in the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| proenzyme | an inactive precursor of an enzyme
🗑
|
||||
| pepsin | an enzyme needed for protein digestion
🗑
|
||||
| protease | an enzyme the cleaves peptide bonds
🗑
|
||||
| trypsinogen, chymotrysinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase | inactive proenzymes produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestine in response to CCK
🗑
|
||||
| trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase | active enzymes(proteases) involved in protein digestion in the small intestin
🗑
|
||||
| food allergy | a condition in which the body's immune system reacts against a protein in food
🗑
|
||||
| food intolerance | a condition in which the body reacts negatively to a food or food component but does not mount an immune response
🗑
|
||||
| anaphylaxis | a severe and potentially threatening allergic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| catalyst | a substance that increases the rate by which a chemical reaction occurs, without being consumed in the process
🗑
|
||||
| antibody | a protein, produced by the immune system, that helps fight infection
🗑
|
||||
| albumin | a protein important in regulating fluid balance between intravascular and interstitial spaces
🗑
|
||||
| edema | the buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces
🗑
|
||||
| glucogenic amino acid | an amino acid that can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
🗑
|
||||
| deamination | the removal of an amino group from an amino acid
🗑
|
||||
| protein turnover | the cycle involving both protein synthesis and protein degradation in the body
🗑
|
||||
| labile amino acid pool | amino acids that are immediately available to cells for protein synthesis and other purposes
🗑
|
||||
| urea | a relatively nontoxic, nitrogen-containing compound that is produced from ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake equals protein(nitrogen) loss by the body
🗑
|
||||
| negative nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake is less than protein(nitrogen) loss by the body
🗑
|
||||
| positive nitrogen balance | the condition in which protein(nitrogen) intake is greater than protein(nitrogen) loss by the body
🗑
|
||||
| vegetarian | someone who does not consume any or selected foods and beverages made from animal products
🗑
|
||||
| lacto-ovo-vegetarian | a type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products and eggs in an otherwise plant-based diet
🗑
|
||||
| lactovegetarian | a type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products(but not eggs) in an otherwise plant-based diet
🗑
|
||||
| vegan | a type of vegetarian who consumes no animal products
🗑
|
||||
| protein-energy malnutrition(PEM) | protein deficiency accompanied by inadequate intake of protein and often of other essential nutrients as well
🗑
|
||||
| marasmus | a form of PEM characterized by extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| kwashiorkor | a form of OEM often characterized by edema in the extremities
🗑
|
||||
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
syfisher
Popular Science sets