Gross Anatamy I - Exam 2
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| What is a low pressure, connection between multiple arteries? | Anastomosis
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| Anastomosis produces what? | collateral circulation
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| 3 lethal areas for anastomoses | brain, heart and kidney
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| Femoral Triangle consists of what? | Femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymphatics
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| Where is the femoral triangle located? | Anteromedial thigh
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| T/F: Veins have branches | False: Veins have tributaries
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| Connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle cells. It holds muscle cells, capillaries and nerve fibers in place | Endomysium
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| Connective tissue which surrounds and holds groups of muscles together (usually 12 or more cells) | Perimysium
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| What is a group of muscle cells? | fascicle/fasciculus
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| What is the smallest unit of the muscle is visible to the naked eye? | fascicles (termed a "muscle fiber" by the gross anatomist)
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| Outer connective tissue covering of the muscle. | Epimysium
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| What muscle layer holds fascicles in place to form the complete muscle? | Epimysium
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| Epimysium is sometimes called what? | Muscle Fascia
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| External to epimysium, but sometimes fused to it | Deep Fascia
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| This seperates muscles into functional compartments? | Intermuscular Septa
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| What provides intermuscular septa? | Deep Fascia
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| What surrounds individual muscles and seperates them from their neighbors so they can move freely? | Deep Fascia
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| Which layer of muscle is just deep to skin and fat but just superficial to deep fascia? | Superficial Fascia
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| What are 4 ways skeletal muscles attach? | 1. To bone via a tendon which merges with the periosteum of the bone.
2. Directly to the periosteum of above via CT
3. To a flat sheet of fibrous CT termed an aponeurosis
4. To another muscle via a raphe.
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| A flat sheet of fibrous CT | Aponeurosis
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| Line of union between two muscles | Raphe
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| Fixed end of muscle, attaches to part of body which DOES NOT move | origin of a muscle
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| Movable end of muscle, attaches to part of body which DOES move | Insertion of a muscle
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| What term describes how the insertion and origin are opposite? | Functional Reversal
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| How is range of contraction determined of a muscle? | By the length of fascicles/fasciculi and their relation to long axis of muscle
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| _____ fascicles means a _____ range of contraction | Longer;Greater
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| Strength of muscle contraction depends on what? A stronger muscle has what? | Total cross sectional area of fascicles; More fascicles
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| The easiest way to add fascicles without increasing bulk of muscles is to what? | Put fascicles at an angle to the line of pull
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| Parallel fibers | Have a greater range of contraction but lesser strength of contraction
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| Pennate Fibers | Have a lesser range of contraction but greater strength of contraction
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| What enters into the range and strength of the movement produced by a muscle crossing a joint? | Leverage
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| Muscle inserting closer to the joint has what? | Greater range of joint movement and lesser leverage
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| Muscle inserting farther from joint has what? | Lesser range of joint movement and greater leverage
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| Maximal strength(leverage) and maximal ROM are what? | Inverse
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| Range of contraction and strength of contraction of unattached muscle are what? | Very Inverse
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| What are the Two properties of the Nervous System? | Irritability and Conductivity
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| What is a response to a stimulus with the initiation of a nervous impulse? | Irritability
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| What is the transmission of a nervous impulse? | Conductivity
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| Cells involved in the nervous system include what? | Neurons and Glial Cells
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| What are the cells carrying the impulse; structural and functional units of the nervous system? | Neurons
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| What cells are associated with neurons and have supportive function(in CNS)? | Glial Cells
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| Cell boy is also called what? | Perikaryon
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| A group of neuron cell bodies located in the CNS | Nucleus
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| A group of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS | Ganglion
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| What conducts nervous impulse towards the neuron cell body? | Dendrite
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| What usually conducts nervous impulses away from the cell body? | Axon
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| Sensory Neurons do what and are also called what? | Carry impulses to the CNS; Afferent
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| Motor Neurons do what and are also called what? | Carry impules away from the CNS; Efferent
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| Group of neuron fibers in PNS | Nerve
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| Group of neuron fibers in CNS | Tract
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| 4 basic sensory functions | Change in basic sensations, changes in spatial orientation, changes in body function and changes in internal environment
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| Special Sensations | Vision; Hearing and Equilibrium; Taste; Smell
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| General Sensations | Touch, Temperature, Pain, Pressure and Proprioception
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| Changes in body function include what? | Visceral and musculoskeletal-articular origin
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| Changes in internal environment include what? | Hydration, internal temperature, oxygen and electrolyte levels and blood pressure.
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| 2 types of motor functions | muscular contraction and glandular secretion
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| Structural divisons of the nervous system? | CNS and PNS
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| Functional divisions of the nervous system? | VNS(Voluntary)and INS(Involuntary)
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| CNS consists of what? | Brain and Spinal Cord
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| PNS consists of what? | 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and autonomic nerves of ANS
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| What is an environmental change? | stimulus
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| A neuron with an adapted region (receptor) for detecting a certain type of stimulus, responds by depolarizing to start the impulse | Sensory Neuron
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| Responds to nervous impulse from another neuron and passes the impulse to the effector | Motor Neuron
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| Cells of muscles or glands which respond to impulse and change the activity of body to the stimulus | Effector/Effector organ
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| Which type of receptors are related to the body wall? | Somatic Receptors
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| What are 3 somatic receptors? | Teleceptors, Exteroceptors and Proprioceptors
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| Teleceptors do what? What is its 3 letter classification? | Sense things that are distant; vision and hearing; SSA(Special Somatic Afferent)
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| Exteroceptors are found where and do what? What is its 3 letter classification? | Found in skin and deeper tissues of body wall and used for temperature, touch, pressure and pain; GSA(General Somatic Afferent)
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| Proprioceptors are found where and do what? | Found in skeletal muscles(muscle spindles) and tendons(Golgi tendon apparatus). Detects position and movements of body via stretch in muscles and tendons and stretch or compression in joints; GSA
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| What are the visceral receptors? | Interoceptors and Chemoreceptors
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| Where are interoceptors and what do they do? What is its 3 letter classification? | In viscera and deal with visceral sensations, senses smooth muscle contraction and secretory activity of glands; GVA(General Visceral Afferent)
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| Where are chemoreceptors and what do they do? What is its 3 letter classification? | In nasal(smell) and tongue mucosae(taste); SVA
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| What are 3 motor fibers? | general motor fibers, special motor fibers and visceral motor fibers
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| Where are general motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | skeletal muscles; GSE(general somatic efferent
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| Where are special motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | skeletal muscles of the branchial arches; SVE
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| Where are visceral motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; GVE
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| Major nerves of the lower extremities and their segments? | Femoral Nerve(L2-L4), Obturator Nerve(L2-L4), Sciatic Nerve(L4-S3), Common Fibular Nerve(L4-S2) and Tibial Nerve(L4-S3)
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| Where do the nerves of the lower extremities arise from? | The lumbar and sacral plexuses
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| Which nerve passes through the psoas major muscle, then deep to the inguinal ligament? | Femoral Nerve
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| Which nerve innervates the iliacus and the anterior compartment of the thigh muscles? | Femoral Nerve
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| What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh? | Quadriceps Femoris, Pectineus and Sartorius
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| Which nerve emerges from the medial border of the psoas major, then passes inferiorly and anteriorly and enters the obturator foramen? | Obturator Nerve
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| Which nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh muscles? | Obturator Nerve
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| What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh? | Adductor muscles, Obturator Externus and Gracilis
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| Which nerve quickly sprays out into its distributing branches after entering the thigh? | Femoral Nerve
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| Which nerve divides into an anterior branch(anterior to adductor brevis) and a posterior branch(posterior to adductor brevis) in the medial thigh? | Obturator Nerve
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| What nerve is the largest in the body? | Sciatic Nerve
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| Which nerve is just inferior to the piriformis and deep to the gluteus maximus? | Sciatic Nerve
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| Which nerve crosses the posterior surface of the gemelli, tendon of the obturator internus, and quadratus femoris muscles and lies deep to the hamstring muscles? | Sciatic Nerve
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| What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve? | Tibial and Common Fibular(Peroneal)
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| When does the sciatic nerve end? | By dividing into its two divisions
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| Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh muscles? | Sciatic Nerve
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| What consists of the posterior compartment? | Hamstring muscles and Adductor Magnus(Posterier Head)
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| Which muscle is innervated by both the sciatic and obturator nerve? | Adductor Magnus
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| Which muscle or muscles in the anterior thigh is not innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve? | Biceps Femoris short head
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| Which branch of the sciatic nerves is the largest? | Tibial Nerve
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| Which nerve travels through the popliteal fossa and lies posterior to the popliteal artery and vein. | Tibial Nerve
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| Which nerve descends immediately deep to the soleus? | Tibial Nerve
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| What are the branches of the Tibial Nerve? | Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves
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| Where does the Tibial Nerve divide? | Within the Plantar foot
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| Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the lower leg muscles? | Tibial Nerve
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| What are the posterior compartment leg muscles? | Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Popliteus, Plantaris, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus and Flexor Hallucis Longus
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| Which nerve innervates the plantar skin and intrinsic plantar foot muscles? | Medial Plantar and Lateral Plantar Nerves
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| Which nerve passes through the popliteal fossa just medial to the tendon of biceps femoris? | Common Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve
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| What are the terminal branches of the common fibular(peroneal) nerve? | Deep and Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerves
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| Which nerves passes into the anterior compartment of the leg, deep to the extensor digitorm longus? | Deep Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve
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| Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg and extensor digitorum brevis on dorsum of foot ? | Deep Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve
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| What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the lower leg? | Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus and Fibularis(Peroneus) tertius
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| Which nerve descends in the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve
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| Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve
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| What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Fibularis(Peroneus) Longus and Fibularis(Peroneus Brevis
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| Upper border of the Femoral Triangle | Inguinal Lilgament
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| Lateral border of the Femoral Triangle | Medial border of sartorius muscle
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| Medial border of the Femoral Triangle | Medial border of the adductor longus muscle
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| Anterior wall(roof) of the Femoral Triangle | Fasciae Latae
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| Posterior wall(floor) of the Femoral Triangle | iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus and sometimes part of the adductor brevis muscle
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| The apex lead to the ______ of the Femoral Triangle? | adductor canal
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| Branches of the Femoral Artery | Superficial Epigastric Artery, Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery, Superficial External Pudental Artery, Deep External Pudental Artery, Muscular Branches and Profunda Femoris
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| Branches of the Profunda Femoris Artery | Medial Femoral Circumflex, Lateral Femoral Circumflex and Perforating aa.
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| Branches of the Popliteal Artery | Genicular aa.
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| Branches of the Posterior Tibial Artery | Fibular(Peroneal) Artery, Medial Plantar Artery and Lateral Plantar Artery
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| Branches of the Anterior Tibial Artery | Anterior Medial Malleolar and Anterior Lateral Malleolar
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| Branches of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery | Acruate Artery, 1st Dorsal Metatarsal Artery and Deep Plantar Branch
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