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Gross Anatamy I
Gross Anatamy I - Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a low pressure, connection between multiple arteries? | Anastomosis |
| Anastomosis produces what? | collateral circulation |
| 3 lethal areas for anastomoses | brain, heart and kidney |
| Femoral Triangle consists of what? | Femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymphatics |
| Where is the femoral triangle located? | Anteromedial thigh |
| T/F: Veins have branches | False: Veins have tributaries |
| Connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle cells. It holds muscle cells, capillaries and nerve fibers in place | Endomysium |
| Connective tissue which surrounds and holds groups of muscles together (usually 12 or more cells) | Perimysium |
| What is a group of muscle cells? | fascicle/fasciculus |
| What is the smallest unit of the muscle is visible to the naked eye? | fascicles (termed a "muscle fiber" by the gross anatomist) |
| Outer connective tissue covering of the muscle. | Epimysium |
| What muscle layer holds fascicles in place to form the complete muscle? | Epimysium |
| Epimysium is sometimes called what? | Muscle Fascia |
| External to epimysium, but sometimes fused to it | Deep Fascia |
| This seperates muscles into functional compartments? | Intermuscular Septa |
| What provides intermuscular septa? | Deep Fascia |
| What surrounds individual muscles and seperates them from their neighbors so they can move freely? | Deep Fascia |
| Which layer of muscle is just deep to skin and fat but just superficial to deep fascia? | Superficial Fascia |
| What are 4 ways skeletal muscles attach? | 1. To bone via a tendon which merges with the periosteum of the bone. 2. Directly to the periosteum of above via CT 3. To a flat sheet of fibrous CT termed an aponeurosis 4. To another muscle via a raphe. |
| A flat sheet of fibrous CT | Aponeurosis |
| Line of union between two muscles | Raphe |
| Fixed end of muscle, attaches to part of body which DOES NOT move | origin of a muscle |
| Movable end of muscle, attaches to part of body which DOES move | Insertion of a muscle |
| What term describes how the insertion and origin are opposite? | Functional Reversal |
| How is range of contraction determined of a muscle? | By the length of fascicles/fasciculi and their relation to long axis of muscle |
| _____ fascicles means a _____ range of contraction | Longer;Greater |
| Strength of muscle contraction depends on what? A stronger muscle has what? | Total cross sectional area of fascicles; More fascicles |
| The easiest way to add fascicles without increasing bulk of muscles is to what? | Put fascicles at an angle to the line of pull |
| Parallel fibers | Have a greater range of contraction but lesser strength of contraction |
| Pennate Fibers | Have a lesser range of contraction but greater strength of contraction |
| What enters into the range and strength of the movement produced by a muscle crossing a joint? | Leverage |
| Muscle inserting closer to the joint has what? | Greater range of joint movement and lesser leverage |
| Muscle inserting farther from joint has what? | Lesser range of joint movement and greater leverage |
| Maximal strength(leverage) and maximal ROM are what? | Inverse |
| Range of contraction and strength of contraction of unattached muscle are what? | Very Inverse |
| What are the Two properties of the Nervous System? | Irritability and Conductivity |
| What is a response to a stimulus with the initiation of a nervous impulse? | Irritability |
| What is the transmission of a nervous impulse? | Conductivity |
| Cells involved in the nervous system include what? | Neurons and Glial Cells |
| What are the cells carrying the impulse; structural and functional units of the nervous system? | Neurons |
| What cells are associated with neurons and have supportive function(in CNS)? | Glial Cells |
| Cell boy is also called what? | Perikaryon |
| A group of neuron cell bodies located in the CNS | Nucleus |
| A group of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS | Ganglion |
| What conducts nervous impulse towards the neuron cell body? | Dendrite |
| What usually conducts nervous impulses away from the cell body? | Axon |
| Sensory Neurons do what and are also called what? | Carry impulses to the CNS; Afferent |
| Motor Neurons do what and are also called what? | Carry impules away from the CNS; Efferent |
| Group of neuron fibers in PNS | Nerve |
| Group of neuron fibers in CNS | Tract |
| 4 basic sensory functions | Change in basic sensations, changes in spatial orientation, changes in body function and changes in internal environment |
| Special Sensations | Vision; Hearing and Equilibrium; Taste; Smell |
| General Sensations | Touch, Temperature, Pain, Pressure and Proprioception |
| Changes in body function include what? | Visceral and musculoskeletal-articular origin |
| Changes in internal environment include what? | Hydration, internal temperature, oxygen and electrolyte levels and blood pressure. |
| 2 types of motor functions | muscular contraction and glandular secretion |
| Structural divisons of the nervous system? | CNS and PNS |
| Functional divisions of the nervous system? | VNS(Voluntary)and INS(Involuntary) |
| CNS consists of what? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| PNS consists of what? | 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and autonomic nerves of ANS |
| What is an environmental change? | stimulus |
| A neuron with an adapted region (receptor) for detecting a certain type of stimulus, responds by depolarizing to start the impulse | Sensory Neuron |
| Responds to nervous impulse from another neuron and passes the impulse to the effector | Motor Neuron |
| Cells of muscles or glands which respond to impulse and change the activity of body to the stimulus | Effector/Effector organ |
| Which type of receptors are related to the body wall? | Somatic Receptors |
| What are 3 somatic receptors? | Teleceptors, Exteroceptors and Proprioceptors |
| Teleceptors do what? What is its 3 letter classification? | Sense things that are distant; vision and hearing; SSA(Special Somatic Afferent) |
| Exteroceptors are found where and do what? What is its 3 letter classification? | Found in skin and deeper tissues of body wall and used for temperature, touch, pressure and pain; GSA(General Somatic Afferent) |
| Proprioceptors are found where and do what? | Found in skeletal muscles(muscle spindles) and tendons(Golgi tendon apparatus). Detects position and movements of body via stretch in muscles and tendons and stretch or compression in joints; GSA |
| What are the visceral receptors? | Interoceptors and Chemoreceptors |
| Where are interoceptors and what do they do? What is its 3 letter classification? | In viscera and deal with visceral sensations, senses smooth muscle contraction and secretory activity of glands; GVA(General Visceral Afferent) |
| Where are chemoreceptors and what do they do? What is its 3 letter classification? | In nasal(smell) and tongue mucosae(taste); SVA |
| What are 3 motor fibers? | general motor fibers, special motor fibers and visceral motor fibers |
| Where are general motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | skeletal muscles; GSE(general somatic efferent |
| Where are special motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | skeletal muscles of the branchial arches; SVE |
| Where are visceral motor fibers found and what is its 3 letter classification? | smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; GVE |
| Major nerves of the lower extremities and their segments? | Femoral Nerve(L2-L4), Obturator Nerve(L2-L4), Sciatic Nerve(L4-S3), Common Fibular Nerve(L4-S2) and Tibial Nerve(L4-S3) |
| Where do the nerves of the lower extremities arise from? | The lumbar and sacral plexuses |
| Which nerve passes through the psoas major muscle, then deep to the inguinal ligament? | Femoral Nerve |
| Which nerve innervates the iliacus and the anterior compartment of the thigh muscles? | Femoral Nerve |
| What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh? | Quadriceps Femoris, Pectineus and Sartorius |
| Which nerve emerges from the medial border of the psoas major, then passes inferiorly and anteriorly and enters the obturator foramen? | Obturator Nerve |
| Which nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh muscles? | Obturator Nerve |
| What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh? | Adductor muscles, Obturator Externus and Gracilis |
| Which nerve quickly sprays out into its distributing branches after entering the thigh? | Femoral Nerve |
| Which nerve divides into an anterior branch(anterior to adductor brevis) and a posterior branch(posterior to adductor brevis) in the medial thigh? | Obturator Nerve |
| What nerve is the largest in the body? | Sciatic Nerve |
| Which nerve is just inferior to the piriformis and deep to the gluteus maximus? | Sciatic Nerve |
| Which nerve crosses the posterior surface of the gemelli, tendon of the obturator internus, and quadratus femoris muscles and lies deep to the hamstring muscles? | Sciatic Nerve |
| What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve? | Tibial and Common Fibular(Peroneal) |
| When does the sciatic nerve end? | By dividing into its two divisions |
| Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh muscles? | Sciatic Nerve |
| What consists of the posterior compartment? | Hamstring muscles and Adductor Magnus(Posterier Head) |
| Which muscle is innervated by both the sciatic and obturator nerve? | Adductor Magnus |
| Which muscle or muscles in the anterior thigh is not innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve? | Biceps Femoris short head |
| Which branch of the sciatic nerves is the largest? | Tibial Nerve |
| Which nerve travels through the popliteal fossa and lies posterior to the popliteal artery and vein. | Tibial Nerve |
| Which nerve descends immediately deep to the soleus? | Tibial Nerve |
| What are the branches of the Tibial Nerve? | Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves |
| Where does the Tibial Nerve divide? | Within the Plantar foot |
| Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the lower leg muscles? | Tibial Nerve |
| What are the posterior compartment leg muscles? | Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Popliteus, Plantaris, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus and Flexor Hallucis Longus |
| Which nerve innervates the plantar skin and intrinsic plantar foot muscles? | Medial Plantar and Lateral Plantar Nerves |
| Which nerve passes through the popliteal fossa just medial to the tendon of biceps femoris? | Common Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve |
| What are the terminal branches of the common fibular(peroneal) nerve? | Deep and Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerves |
| Which nerves passes into the anterior compartment of the leg, deep to the extensor digitorm longus? | Deep Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve |
| Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg and extensor digitorum brevis on dorsum of foot ? | Deep Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve |
| What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the lower leg? | Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus and Fibularis(Peroneus) tertius |
| Which nerve descends in the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve |
| Which nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Superficial Fibular(Peroneal) Nerve |
| What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the lower leg? | Fibularis(Peroneus) Longus and Fibularis(Peroneus Brevis |
| Upper border of the Femoral Triangle | Inguinal Lilgament |
| Lateral border of the Femoral Triangle | Medial border of sartorius muscle |
| Medial border of the Femoral Triangle | Medial border of the adductor longus muscle |
| Anterior wall(roof) of the Femoral Triangle | Fasciae Latae |
| Posterior wall(floor) of the Femoral Triangle | iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus and sometimes part of the adductor brevis muscle |
| The apex lead to the ______ of the Femoral Triangle? | adductor canal |
| Branches of the Femoral Artery | Superficial Epigastric Artery, Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery, Superficial External Pudental Artery, Deep External Pudental Artery, Muscular Branches and Profunda Femoris |
| Branches of the Profunda Femoris Artery | Medial Femoral Circumflex, Lateral Femoral Circumflex and Perforating aa. |
| Branches of the Popliteal Artery | Genicular aa. |
| Branches of the Posterior Tibial Artery | Fibular(Peroneal) Artery, Medial Plantar Artery and Lateral Plantar Artery |
| Branches of the Anterior Tibial Artery | Anterior Medial Malleolar and Anterior Lateral Malleolar |
| Branches of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery | Acruate Artery, 1st Dorsal Metatarsal Artery and Deep Plantar Branch |
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