Ch 1-3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| 1 Ethics | (prescriptive rules for action)
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| 1 Metaethics | (study of the nature and concepts of ethics)
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| 1 Red Herring | irrelevant point that serves as a distraction
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| 1 Ad Hominem | attacking the person/source of the argument
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| 1 Straw man Fallacy | attacking a misrepresented/distorted version of an (opposing view (contrast to Principle of Charity)
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| 1 Principle of Charity | be generous in interpreting the views (i.e., make them as strong as possible) of others
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| 1 Consistency | are ethical beliefs consistent with other ethical and non-ethical views?
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| 1 studying metaethics vs. moral self-help | is more learning about natural ethics while moral self help is like teaching you how to improve your ethics.
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| 1 Natural Morality | Ethical truths and principles that are part of nature, conditional rules with exceptions. coming from a natural process.
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| 1 Trancendent Morality | ethical truths/ Principles are outside of natural world, unconditional rules without exceptions Ex... the 10 Comandments
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| 1 Theological Voluntarism/ Divine Command Theory | Whatever God commands and only what God commands is right and or good. (this a popular version of transcendent morality)
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| 1 Theological Voluntarism Cons.. | -in principle, any action even unprovoked murder could be right if god deems it so.
-Leaves little room for critecal reflection reguarding metaethics
-fear of punishment not sufficient motive for truly ethical action.
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| 2 Psychological Egoism | it is a fact of human psychology that we always act in a self-interested manner, even when the action is apparently other-directed (e.g., giving to charity)
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| 2 Ethical Egoism | Although we may act unselfishly, we ought to always act in a self-interested manner
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| 2 Psychological Egoism Pros... | 1. accords with the observed prevelance of selfish behavior
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| 2 Psychological Egoism Cons... | 1. Non-falsifiable
2. Stretches the meaning of "selfishness" beyond common usage
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| 2 Individual Ethical Egoism | Everyone ought to act exclusively for my benefit and my benefit alone
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| 2 Universal Ethical Egoism | Everyone ought to act exclusively for thier own benefit.
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| 2 Individual Egoism Pros... | 1. internally consistent position
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| 2 Individual Egoism Cons... | 1. undesirable social consequences ex social ostracism
2.characteristic of psycopathology
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| 2 Universal Egoism Pros... | 1. Social Darwinism (survival of the fitest)
2. Supposed benefits of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism
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| 2 Universal Egoism Cons... | 1. Distorts Darwinian Evolution
2. Lack of empirical support for supposed benefits of unregulated capitalism
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| 2 Social Relativism | Empirical, scientific claim that the moral claim that moral codes vary from culture to culture
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| 2 Cultural Relativism | Normative ethical position stipulating that there is no objective moral truth or standard of justificatin ; rather, moral rightness or wrongness is determined by local culture.
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| 2 Cultural Relativism Pros... | 1. Promotes multicultural tolerance and sensitivity and prevents imperialism
2. Explains rampant ethical disagreement
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| 2 Cultural Relativism Cons... | 1. Underestimates fluidity of cultural identities
2. eliminates any justification for ethical reform
3. trivializes ethical concerns
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| 3 Sentimentalism | the view that emotions/feelings play a vital and necessary role in human morality
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| 3 Kant | (“cold” duty)
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| 3 Hume | (“hot” sympathies)
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| 3 non-instrumental vs. instrumental reasoning | vs. instrumental reasoning (Hume: “Reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions)
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