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PhilosophyExam01
Ch 1-3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
1 Ethics | (prescriptive rules for action) |
1 Metaethics | (study of the nature and concepts of ethics) |
1 Red Herring | irrelevant point that serves as a distraction |
1 Ad Hominem | attacking the person/source of the argument |
1 Straw man Fallacy | attacking a misrepresented/distorted version of an (opposing view (contrast to Principle of Charity) |
1 Principle of Charity | be generous in interpreting the views (i.e., make them as strong as possible) of others |
1 Consistency | are ethical beliefs consistent with other ethical and non-ethical views? |
1 studying metaethics vs. moral self-help | is more learning about natural ethics while moral self help is like teaching you how to improve your ethics. |
1 Natural Morality | Ethical truths and principles that are part of nature, conditional rules with exceptions. coming from a natural process. |
1 Trancendent Morality | ethical truths/ Principles are outside of natural world, unconditional rules without exceptions Ex... the 10 Comandments |
1 Theological Voluntarism/ Divine Command Theory | Whatever God commands and only what God commands is right and or good. (this a popular version of transcendent morality) |
1 Theological Voluntarism Cons.. | -in principle, any action even unprovoked murder could be right if god deems it so. -Leaves little room for critecal reflection reguarding metaethics -fear of punishment not sufficient motive for truly ethical action. |
2 Psychological Egoism | it is a fact of human psychology that we always act in a self-interested manner, even when the action is apparently other-directed (e.g., giving to charity) |
2 Ethical Egoism | Although we may act unselfishly, we ought to always act in a self-interested manner |
2 Psychological Egoism Pros... | 1. accords with the observed prevelance of selfish behavior |
2 Psychological Egoism Cons... | 1. Non-falsifiable 2. Stretches the meaning of "selfishness" beyond common usage |
2 Individual Ethical Egoism | Everyone ought to act exclusively for my benefit and my benefit alone |
2 Universal Ethical Egoism | Everyone ought to act exclusively for thier own benefit. |
2 Individual Egoism Pros... | 1. internally consistent position |
2 Individual Egoism Cons... | 1. undesirable social consequences ex social ostracism 2.characteristic of psycopathology |
2 Universal Egoism Pros... | 1. Social Darwinism (survival of the fitest) 2. Supposed benefits of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism |
2 Universal Egoism Cons... | 1. Distorts Darwinian Evolution 2. Lack of empirical support for supposed benefits of unregulated capitalism |
2 Social Relativism | Empirical, scientific claim that the moral claim that moral codes vary from culture to culture |
2 Cultural Relativism | Normative ethical position stipulating that there is no objective moral truth or standard of justificatin ; rather, moral rightness or wrongness is determined by local culture. |
2 Cultural Relativism Pros... | 1. Promotes multicultural tolerance and sensitivity and prevents imperialism 2. Explains rampant ethical disagreement |
2 Cultural Relativism Cons... | 1. Underestimates fluidity of cultural identities 2. eliminates any justification for ethical reform 3. trivializes ethical concerns |
3 Sentimentalism | the view that emotions/feelings play a vital and necessary role in human morality |
3 Kant | (“cold” duty) |
3 Hume | (“hot” sympathies) |
3 non-instrumental vs. instrumental reasoning | vs. instrumental reasoning (Hume: “Reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions) |