A First Look at Anatomy
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| anatomy | study of structure
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| cytology | study of single body cells and their structure
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| histology | study of tissues
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| gross anatomy | investigates the structure and relationship of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye, such as the intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys
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| developmental anatomy | follows the changes in structure within an individual during the time from conception through maturity
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| embryology | concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth
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| regional anatomy | examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit- for example, the skin, connective tissue and fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck
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| surface anatomy | examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them
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| systemic anatomy | studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body.
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| pathologic anatomy | studies all anatomic changes resulting from disease
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| radiographic anatomy | studies the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures such as by ultrasound, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or by x-rays
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| surgical anatomy | investigates the anatomic landmarks used for surgery
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| atoms | smallest units of matter
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| molecule | two or more atoms combined
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| cells | the basic units of structure and function in organisms
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| tissues | precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions
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| organs | contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions
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| characteristics of living things | 1) organization
2) metabolism
3) growth and development
4) responsiveness
5) regulation
6) reproduction
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| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
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| homeostasis | control and regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment
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| anatomic position | individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor. head is level. arms are at either side of the body with the thumbs pointing away from the body
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| coronal plane | (frontal plane) vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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| transverse cut | (cross-sectional plane/ horizontal plane) cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ
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| sagittal plane | (median plane) extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves
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| oblique plane | passes through the specimen at an angle
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| axial region | includes the head, neck, and trunk; forms the main axis of our body
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| appendicular region | or limbs or appendages
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| cranial cavity | formed by the cranium and houses the brain
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| vertebral cavity | formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
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| ventral cavity | arises from a space called the coelom that forms during embryonic development. The ventral cavity eventually becomes partitioned into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm
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| thoracic cavity | superior to the diaphragm
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| abdominopelvic cavity | inferior to the diaphragm
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| thoracic diaphragm | a muscular partition that develops between these cavities
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| serous membranes | composed of 2 layers: parietal & visceral
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| parietal layer | lines the internal surface of the body wall
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| visceral layer | covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
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| abdominal region | region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones
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| antebrachial region | forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist)
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| antecubital region | region in front of the elbow
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| axillary region | armpit
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| brachial region | arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)
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| buccal region | cheek
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| calcaneal region | heel of the foot
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| carpal region | wrist
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| cephalic region | head
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| cervical region | neck
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| coxal region | hip
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| cranial region | skull
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| crural region | leg
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| deltoid region | shoulder
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| digital region | fingers or toes (also called phalanges)
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| dorsal region | back
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| facial region | face
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| femoral region | thigh
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| frontal region | forehead
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| gluteal region | buttock
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| hallux region | great toe
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| inguinal region | groin
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| lumbar region | loin
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| mammary region | breast
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| manus region | hand
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| mental region | chin
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| nasal region | nose
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| occipital region | posterior base of the head
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| olecranal region | posterior of the elbow
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| oral region | mouth
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| orbital region | eye
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| palmar region | palm of hand
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| patellar region | kneecap
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| pelvic region | pelvis
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| perineal region | region between the anus and the external reproductive organs
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| pes region | foot
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| plantar region | sole of the foot
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| pollex region | thumb
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| popliteal region | area posterior to the knee
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| pubic region | anterior region of the pelvis
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| sacral region | posterior region between the hip bones
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| scapular region | shoulder blade
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| sternal region | middles of the thorax, anteriorly
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| sural region | calf
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| tarsal region | ankle
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| thoracic region | chest or thorax
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| umbilical region | navel
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| vertebral region | spinal column
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| pleura | two-layered serous membrane that lines organs of the thoracic cavity
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| parietal pleura | the outer layer of the pleura; it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
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| visceral pleura | the inner layer of the pleura; it covers the external surface of the lung
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| abdominal cavity | superior to the hips bone
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| pelvic cavity | inferior to the hip bones
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| peritoneum | two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
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| parietal peritoneum | outer layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| visceral peritoneum | the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs
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| peritoneal cavity | lubricating serous fluid is located
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| abdominopelvic regions | nine compartments delineated by two transverse planes and two parasagittal planes
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| epigastric region | the superior region in the middle column, typically containing part of the liver, part of the stomach, the duodenum, part of the pancreas, and both adrenal glands
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| umbilical region | the middle region in the middle column typically contains the transverse colon (middle part), part of the small intestine, and the branches of the blood vessels to the lower limbs
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| hypogastric region | the inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine, the urinary bladder, and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine
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| right and left hypochondriac regions | superior regions lateral to epigastric region; right hypochondriac region contains part of liver, gallbladder, and part of right kidney; left hypochondriac region contains part of stomach, spleen, left colic flexure of lg intestine, part of left kidney
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| right and left lumbar regions | middle regions lateral to umbilical region; right lumbar region contains ascending colon & right colic flexure of lg intestine, superior part of cecum, part of rt kidney, part of sm intestine; lt lumbar region contains descending colon, part of lt kidney,
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Created by:
lharbridge
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