Terms from Contemporary Issues in Nutr
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| nutrition | the science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support processes required for life
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| nutritional scientist | a person who conducts and/or evaluates nutrition-related research
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| dietitian | a nutritionist who helps people make healthy dietary choices
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| nutritional sciences | a broad spectrum of academic and social disciplines related to nutrition
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| nutrient | a substance in foods used by the body for nrg, maintenance of body structures, or regulation of chemical processes
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| essential nutrient | a substance that must be obtained from the diet, because the body needs it and cannot make it in required amounts
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| nonessential nutrient | a substance found in food and used by the body to promote health but not required to be consumed in the diet
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| conditionally essential nutrient | normally nonessential nutrient that, under certain circumstances, becomes essential
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| macronutrient | nutrients that we need to consume in large amounts(more than 1 gram)
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| micronutrient | nutrients that we need to consume in small amounts (less than 1 gram)
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| organic compound | a substance that contains c-c bonds and c-h bonds
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| inorganic compound | a substance that does not contain c-c bonds and c-h bonds
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| certified organic foods | plant and animal foods that have been grown, harvested, and processed w/o conventional pesticides, fertilizers, growth promoters, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation
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| phytochemical | a substance found in plants and thought to benefit human health above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and nrg
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| zoonutrient | a substance found in animal foods and though to benefit human health above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and nrg
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| functional food | a food that contains enhanced levels of an essential nutrient, phytochemical, or zoonutrient and thought to benefit human health
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| nrg | capacity to do work
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| ATP | a chemical used by body to perform work
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| nrg-yielding nutrient | a nutrient that the body can use to produce ATP
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| calorie | a unit of measure used to express the amount of nrg in a food
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| kilocalorie | 1,000 calories
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| bomb calorimeter | a device used to measure the amount of nrg in a food
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| scientific method | steps used by scientists to explain observations
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| hypothesis | a prediction about the relationship between variables
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| cause-and-effect relationship | when an alteration in one variable causes a change in another variable
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| correlation | when a change in onevariable is related to a change in another variable
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| positive correlation | association between the changes of two variables are similar
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| negative correlation | association between the changes of two variables are in the opposite direction
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| simple relationship | a relationship between 2 factors that is not influenced or modified by another factor
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| complex relationship | a relationship that involves one or more interactions
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| interaction | when the relationship between the two factors is influenced or modified by another factor
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| lifestyle factor | behavioral component of our lives over which we may or may not have control
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| environmental factor | an element or variable in our surroundungs over which we may or may not have control
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| genetic factor | an inherited element or variable in our lives that cannot be altered
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| epidemiologic study | a study in which data are collected from a group of individuals who are not asked to change their behaviors in any way
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| Framingham Heart Study | a large epidemiologic study begun in the 1940's designed to assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart disease
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| National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES) | a federally funded epidemiologic study begun in the 1970's to assess trends in diet and health in the U.S. population
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| National Center for Health Statistics(NCHS) | a component of the U.S. Public Health Service whose mission is to compile statistical info to be used in improving the health of Americans
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| intervention study | an experiment in which something is altered or changes ti determine its effect on something else
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| control group | a group of people, animals, or cells in an intervention study that does not receive the experimental treatment
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| Hawthorne effect | phenomenon in which study results are influenced by an unintentional alteration of a behavior by the study participants
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| placebo effect | the phenomenon in which there is an apparent effect of the treatment because the individual expects or believes that it will work
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| researcher bias | when the researcher influences that results of a study
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| single-blind study | a human experiment in which the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned
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| dbl-blind study | a human experiment in which neither the participants nor the scientists know to which group the participants have been assigned
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| placebo | a "fake" treatment, given to the control group, that cannot be distinguished from the actual treatment
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| random assignment | when study participants have equal chance of being assigned to each experimental group
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| confounding variable | a factor, other than the one of interest, that might influence the outcome of an experiment
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| animal study | the use of experimental animals such as mice, rats, or primates in a study
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| cell culture system | specific type of cells that can be grown in the lab and used for research purposes
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| in vitro | involving the use of cells or environments that are not part of a living organism
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| in vivo | involving the study of natural phenomena in a living organism
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| PubMed | a computerized database that allows access to approximately 11 million biomedical journal citations
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| U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention(CDC) | a governmental agency that monitors the nation's health in order to prevent and control disease outbreaks
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| rate | a measure of the occurrence of a certain type of event within a specific period of time
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| mortality rate | the number of deaths in a given period of time
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| infant mortality rate | the number of infant deaths (<1 year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year
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| morbidity rate | the number of illnesses in a given period of time
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| incidence | the number of people who are newly diagnosed with a condition in a given period of time
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| prevalence | the total number of people who have a condition in a given period of time
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| life expectancy | a statistical prediction of the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a specific age
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| graying of America | the phenomenon occurring in the U.S. in which the proportion of elderly individuals in the population is increasing with time
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| disease | a condition that causes physiological or psychological discomfort, dysfunction, or distress
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| infectious disease | a contagious illness caused by a pathogen such as a bacteria, virus, or parasite
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| noninfectious disease | an illness that is not contagious
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| etiology | the cause or origin of a disease
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| autoimmune disease | a condition in which the immune system attacks an otherwise healthy part of the body
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| chronic degenerative disease | a noninfectious disease that develops slowly and persists over time
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| risk factor | a lifestyle, environmental, or genetic factor related to a person's chances of developing a disease
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| nutrition transition | the shift from undernutrition to overnutrition or unbalanced nutrition that often occurs simultaneously with the industrialization of a society
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