chp1
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| 2 major contributors to pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease | 1. Louis Paskur 2. Robert Koch
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| What is a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory called? | Koch's postulates
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| Every cell has 1._____ composed of 2.______ and 3._______ | 1. ribosome 2. nucleic acid 3. protein
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| Important events in early stages of microbiology | 1. Spores and sterilization 2. Spontaneous Generation vs. Germ Theory of Disease 3. Ascptic techniques
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| viral particles | -not a cell (or noncellular)
-passive
-come by chance
-type of infection particles that rely on cells to reproduce
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| Who was the first person to document microorganisms? | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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| What means the image will remain in focus when changing from a lower power objective lens to a higher-power lens? | parfocal
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| What is the type of microscope we use in lab? | compound light microscope
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| total magnification equals? | objective lens X(times) ocular lens
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| pathway of light on microscope | condenser lens to> objective lens to> ocular lens
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| resolution | -ability to show detail
-shortest distance between two separate dots that can be "seen" as two discrete objects
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| working distance (of a lens) | -distance between the lens and microscope slide
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| light microscope max ___________ (#) | .2μm
-i.e. any 2 dots closer than .2μm will be seen as one dot
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| 1 μm =_______(m) | 1 μm =10^(-6) m
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| 1 nm = _______(m) | 1 nm = 10^(-9) m
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| electron microscope max ________ (#) | .5nm
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| 1 μm =_______(nm) | 1000nm
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| smaller magnification value equals ________ resolution | lower
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| Indicate what about the following factors are useful:1. wave length 2. color of light 3.beam vs. light | 1. wave length: shorter wavelength the better the resolution
2. blue light is better than white light
3. electron beam is better than visible light
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| What collects and directs the light from the lamp to the slide being studied? | condenser
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| What moves up and down as you turn the main knob? | mechanic stage
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| There are three or more of these on a microscope Each one contains a different magnification Changes from low to> high power | objective lens
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| What do you look through to view the image on the microscope (its where you put your eyes and fixed at 10x) | ocular lens
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| microbiology | the study of microorganisms
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| most widely used specimen is darker than surrounding field | Bright-field
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| brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by | dark-field
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| transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing structure intracellular certain light can lead and certain light added | phase-contrast
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| fluorescence microscope | -modified compound light microscope
-very useful in medical diagnosis and cell biology
Features: 1. dark background 2. dye binds specimen 3. emitted visible light magnified needs filter protect viewers eye 4. dye UV rays
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| electron microscope | -uses electron beam to form image rather than light rays
-electrons travel wavelike pattern
-wavelength is 100,000x shorter than the waves of visible light
-electrons have tremendous resolving power and magnifying power
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| electron microscope: 1. resolving power 2. magnifying power | 1. 0.5 nm (vs. 0.2μm for light microscope)
2. 1,000,000x (vs. 1000x for light microscope)
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| eucaryotic cells | -bigger
-has a nucleus
-more complex
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| procaryotic cell | -simple cell
-DNA is in cytosol
-bacteria and archaea
-unicellular
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| List 4 eucaryotic cells | 1. Algae 2. Protoxoa 3. Fungi (molds, yeasts, mushrooms, etc.) 4. helminths (tapeworms, flukes, nematodes, etc.)
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| algae and protozoa make up what group? and live in_________ and ___________ cellular | 1. protists
2. aquatic environment
3. unicellular
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| list 2 types of procaryotes | 1. Bacteria (such as E. coli) 2. Archaea (ancient "bacteria" such as methanogens)
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| yeast | -much bigger
-eucaryote
-fungi (category)
-unicellular
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| amoeba | -cytoplasm proteins needle like or worm rounded
-protozoa (category)
-pseudopods help move around and eat food particles
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| E. coli | -round shaped bacteria
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| herpes simplex (EM) | -membrane takes from your cell takes pieces of cell membrane
-virus
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| ascaris | -most common infection worm
-nervous function different from other functions
-adult bad
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| algae | reproduce, swim, survive
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| Size important in general | Eucaryotes > Procaryotes > Viruses > macromolecules > simple molecules
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| a system for organizing and classifying names | taxonomy
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| primary concerns of taxonomy are (3)_______ | 1. classification 2. nomenclature 3. identification
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| What is the most significant level of classification? | species
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| levels of classification | 1.Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum or Division 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species
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| Whittaker classification vs. Dr. Woese | Whittaker: 5-Kingdom classification System
Woese: Domain>Kingdom>archaea more closly related then bacteria
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| true bacteria such as E. coli staphylococus aureus | eubacteria
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| eubacteria characteristic about cell wall | -cell wall macromolecules, peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria
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| archaea | odd "bacteria" that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. [such as methanology halobacteria]
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| have a nucleus and organelles such as molds, amoeba, algae | eukarya
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| Every time you name an organism what do you use? | Genus and Species
-Genus named first and first letter capitalize
-Species named second both italized
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| What does "sterile" mean? | "sterile" was introduced which meant completely eliminating all life forms from objects or materials, including endospores
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| Who identified spores? | John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn
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| disease-causing microorganisms | pathogens
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| Germ Theory of Disease | -many (infections) diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.
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| Who is associated with the Listerine method? | Joseph Lister
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| Who am I? -demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease | Louis Pasteur
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| Who am I? -showed microbes caused fermentation | Louis Pasteur
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| Who am I? -identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera | Robert Koch
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| Who am I? -developed pasteurization | Louis Pasteur
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| Who am I? -established Koch's postulates | Robert Koch
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| Who am I? -disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms | Louis Pasteur
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| Who am I? -developed pure culture methods | Robert Koch
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| Who am I? -developed a rabies vaccine | Louis Pasteur
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| methanococcus jannaschii | not bacteria rather it is archaea
mold
filamentous fungi
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| numerical aperture (NA) | can effect resolution
mathematical expression showing efficiency of lens gathering light
Na: 1.25 better than .1
Na=nsinθ
(n-1, sinθ-shape of light come)
the greater the angle the shorter the working distance the greater the NA value
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| Who introduced the aseptic technique? | Joseph Lister
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| microorganisms | organisims to small to see with the naked eye
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| mold | filimentus fungi
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| Can you increase resolution by increasing the n value in NA formula (NA=nsinθ) | yes
Ex: increase n by using immersion oil n=1.5
[100x objective lens only]
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| What is definition of life? | distinguished by capacity to grow, metabolize, respond (to stimuli), adapt and reproduce
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| What is disinfecting the hands using chemicals prior to surgery and the use of heat for sterilization to prevent wound infections called? | aseptic technique
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