science final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| mineral | a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure
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| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken into simpler substances by chemical means
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| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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| crystal | a solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
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| silicate mineral | a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen and one of more metals
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| non-silicate mineral | a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon or oxygen
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| Native elements | are minerals that are only composed of one or more element. native elements are used in communications and electronics equipment
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| carbonates | minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure. we use carbonate minerals in cement, building stones and fireworks.
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| Halites | compounds that from when fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium.
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| oxides | compounds that form when an element, such as aluminum or iron combines chemically with oxygen.
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| sulfates | minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen
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| sulfides | minerals that contain one or more elements such as lead, iron, or nickel combined sulfur
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| luster | the way in which a mineral reflects light
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| streak | the color of the powder of a mineral
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| cleavage | the splitting of a mineral along smooth flat surfaces
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| fracture | the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces
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| hardness | a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching
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| density | the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance
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| fluorescence | calcite and fluorite glow under ultraviolet light
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| magnetism | both magnetite and pyrrhotite are natural magnets
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| taste | halite has a salty taste
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| chemical reaction | calcite will become bubbly or 'fizz' when a drop of weak acid is placed on it
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| optical properties | a thin clear piece of calcite places over an image will cause a double image
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| radioactivity | minerals that contain radium of uranium can be detected by a Geiger counter
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| ore | a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals are high enough for the material to be mined profitably
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| reclamation | the process of returning land back to its original condition after mining is completed
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| metallic minerals | minerals that have a shiny surfaces and are good conductors of heat
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| nonmetallic minerals | minerals that are not shiny and that are not good conductors of heat
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| gemstones | nonmetallic minerals that are highly valued and used for beauty rather the usefulness
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| rock cycle | the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes
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| erosion | the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another
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| deposition | the process by which mineral is laid down
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| composition | the chemical make-up of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in a rock
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| texture | the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rocks grains
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| igneous rock | formed by the solidification of magma that can be either coarse of fine grained
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| intrusive igneous rock | rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma BENEATH the earths surface
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| extrusive igneous rock | rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the earths surface
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| dikes | sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units
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| sills | sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel rock units
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| batholiths | the largest igneous rock intrusions
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| stocks | intrusive bodies that are exposed over small areas
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| fissures | lava that flows out of large cracks in the earth
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| lava plateaus | plateaus when large amounts of lava cover an area of land
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| stratification | the process of arranging rock
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| sedimentary rock | rock formed from clay and sand grains cemented together
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| strata | layers of rock
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| metamorphic rock | rock changed by heat, pressure of a combination of both
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| foliated metamorphic rock | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands
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| non-foliated rock | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes of bands
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| deformation | a change in shape of a rock caused by force on it
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| uniformitarianism | a principle that states that geological processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geological processes
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| catastrophism | a principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly
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| paleontology | the scientific study of fossils
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| paleobotany | the study of plant fossils
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| relative dating | any method of determining whether on object is older or younger than other events or objects
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| superposition | a principle that states younger rocks lie above older rocks if they have not been disturbed
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| geologic column | an arrangement of rock layers in which older rocks are at the bottom
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| unconformity | a break in geologic record created when rock layers are eroded of when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time
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| disconformity | the most type where a parallel rock layer is missing
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| nonconformity | when sedimentary rock lays on top of an eroded surface
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| angular unconformity | when horizontal layers are tilted of folded
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| absolute dating | any method of measuring the age of an event of object in years
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| isotope | an atom that has the same number as protons but a different number of neutrons
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| radioactive decay | the process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same or different element
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| radiometric dating | a method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive isotope and a stable isotope
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| half-life | the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay
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| fossil | the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes
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| trace fossil | a fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal
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| mold | a mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell of other body
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| cast | a type of fossil remains that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left by an organism
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| index fossil | a fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age
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| geologic time scale | the standard method used to divide the earths long natural history into manageable parts
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| eon | the largest division in geologic time
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| era | a unit of geologic time that includes 2 or more periods
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| period | a unit which eras are divided
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| epoch | a subdivision of a period
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| extinction | death of every member in a species
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| index mineral rock | a certain rock used to date a period
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