Review for test on muscles in A&P1 at DelTech Owens
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| What do you call the part of a muscle that attaches to a bone that is stable and has little to no movement? | Origin
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| What do you call the part of a muscle that attaches to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts? | Insertion
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| What do you call the fat part of a muscle between the origin and insertion points? | Belly
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| The muscle producing the most force during a movement is called the __ __. | prime mover
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| The muscle that helps the prime mover muscle is called the __. | synergist
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| The muscle that would oppose a movement if it contacts is called the __. | antagonist
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| A muscle that holds a bone in place (instead of moving it) is called a __. | fixator
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| Neurons and __ have the only excitable cells in the body? | muscles
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| Muscles are the only tissues in the body that can __ or exert force when stimulated. | contract
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| Approximately how many muscles are in the human body? | 600
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| Name the 3 kinds of muscle. | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| Another term for a muscle cell is a muscle __. | fiber
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| How many functions do muscles serve? | Six
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| What are the 6 functions of muscles in the body? | Movement, blood flow, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat
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| Which kind of muscle is under voluntary control, has long cells that form bands or striations, and that contract rapidly while tiring easily? | skeletal or striated
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| Which kind of muscle is involuntary, with fewer striations than skeletal muscle, with steady contraction speed that can speed up when needed? | cardiac
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| Which kind of muscle can be found in the digestive tract, is involuntary, does not require nervous stimulation, has a slow contraction speed, does not tire easily, and is nonstriated? | smooth
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| Name the 5 characteristics of muscle. (Every cat can eat eggs) | excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
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| The ability of muscles to receive and respond to stimulus is called? | excitability
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| The ability of muscles to conduct an action potential (nerve impulse) is called? | conductivity
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| The ability of muscles to shorten or contract is called? | contractility
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| The ability of muscles to stretch is called? | extensibility
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| The connective tissue that surrounds every muscle fiber is called? | endomysium
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| A collection of bundles of muscle fibers is called? | fascicle
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| What surrounds each muscle fascicle? | perimysium
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| What surrounds the entire muscle? | epimysium
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| A broad sheath-like connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle? | aponeurosis
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| The aponeurosis in the palm of the hand is called? | palmar aponeurosis
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| Muscles are __ because muscles need a lot of ATP. | multinucleated
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| The plasma membrane of muscle cells is called? | sarcolemma
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| What carries electrical current and is located at junctions of the a and I bands? | transverse tubules
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| The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called? | sarcoplasm
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| The sarcoplasm contains what 2 things needed by muscle? | glycogen, myoglobin
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| The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber is called? | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir for __ ions needed to make the muscle contract. | calcium
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| The contractile elements of muscles are called? | myofibrils
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| Myofibrils consist of what? | myofilaments
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| Myofilaments contain what 4 proteins? | actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
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| __ is a thin protein that causes muscles to contract. | actin
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| __ is a thick protein that causes muscles to contract. | myosin
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| __ and __ are regulatory proteins in muscles that stop muscles from contracting. | troponin and tropopmyosin
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| The smallest unit of muscle is called? | sarcomere
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| The borders of a sarcomere are called? | Z-bands
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| The "rowing team" of the sarcomere is called? | myosin
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| The area where myosin can be found is called the __ band. | A-band
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| Electrical stimulus of a muscle is called an __ __. | action potential
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| Where do muscles get their energy from? | ATP
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| Stored __ is ready energy. | ATP
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| What other sources of energy can be converted to ATP? | glucose and creatine phosphate
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| Glucose is absorbed through the __ __. It is slow energy. | digestive tract
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| One way of generating ATP is through aerobic respiration. This creates __ ATP, and 2 are needed to start the cycle. | thirty-eight
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| One way of generating ATP is through anaerobic respiration. This creates __ ATP, and 2 are used to start the cycle. | four
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| The Kreb's cycle is also called the __ __ cycle. | citric acid
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| Aerobic respiration results in ATP, plus __ __ and water. | carbon dioxide
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| Aerobic respiration occurs in the cell __. | mitochondria
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| When glucose is gone, we use __. | glycogen
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| Glycogen is stored in the __ and some is stored in muscle. | liver
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| __ respiration occurs when muscles are contracting for a long time and oxygen is deficient. | Anaroebic
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| Glucose is broken down into ATP and __ acid. | lactic
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| Lactic acid makes muscles __. | tired
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| Which produces ATP faster: aerobic respiration or anaroebic respiration? | anaroebic
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| Creatine phosphate is stored in __ __. | muscle tissue
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| Creatine phosphate (CP) will bind to __ and make a new ATP. | ADP
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| What do you experience when glycogen stores in muscles are used up and ATP production fails? | physiological fatigue
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| When oxygen stores need to be replenished in muscles, we experience __ debt. | oxygen
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| When stimulated by a motor neuron, muscle fiber will contract to its greatest extent or not at all. What is this principle called? | All of none principle
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| A single motor neuron, that tells muscle fibers to contract, is also called a __ __. | motor unit
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| The number of muscle fibers that respond to a motor unit can range from __ to several hundred. | four
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| The average number of muscle fibers that respond to a motor unit is __. | one-hundred and fifty
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| The __ number of muscle fibers, the finer the control of the movement. | fewer
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| A __ __ is a response of a muscle to a stimulus. | muscle twitch
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| What is the first phase of a muscle twitch? | latent period
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| What is the 2nd phase of a muscle twitch? | stimulus
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| What is the 3rd phase of a muscle twitch? | contraction
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| What is the 4th phase of a muscle twitch? | relaxation
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| A long sustained maximum contraction of a muscle is called __. | tetanus
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| A muscle contraction without a change in the shape of the muscle is called? | isometric
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| A muscle contraction with a change in the shape of the muscle is called? | isotonic
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| When a muscle breaks down due to disuse, this is called? | disuse atrophy
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| Rigor mortis means __ __ __. | stiffness of death
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| The 1st phase of rigor mortis is called? | primary flaccidity
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| During the 2nd phase of rigor mortis, what parts of the body are affected? | eyelids, neck, jaw
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| A dead body enters the 2nd phase or rigor mortis within __ to __ hours of death. | two to six
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| A dead body reaches peak rigidity within __ hours after death. | twelve
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| Rigor mortis dissipates with __ to __ hours of death. | forty-eight to sixty
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