| TERM |
 |
|
| INFO |
|
|
| Enlightened Absolutism |
People need the direction of an Enlightened, absolute ruler |
| Cardinal Fleury |
Louis XIV’s minister, who haltered the duke of Orleans’ good intentions |
| United Kingdom |
Gov’ts of England and Scotland united |
| Pocket borough |
one person controlled representatives from a borough(s) |
| Hanoverians |
dynasty that didn’t really understand the British system |
| Robert Walpole |
Prime minister of George I and II of Britain, who perused a peaceful foreign policy |
| Patriots |
wanted democratic reform for more political participation – repressed |
| Junkers |
Prussian landed aristocrats who dominated its army |
| Frederick the Great |
Prussia - best educated & cultured monarch who believed in some freedom and complete religious toleration |
| Joseph II |
Austria – eliminated serfdom with complete religious toleration and make 16k decrees and laws - philosophy was lawmaker of his empire |
| Emelyan Pugachev |
Russian Cossack who succeeded in turning discontent into a mass revolt against Catherine the Great |
| Thaddeus Kosciuszko |
led a filed Polish rebellion against Austria, Prussia, and Russia |
| Robert Clive |
Helped the British to defeat the French in India |
| James Wolfe |
Brilliant British general who won the two most different battles of the French & Indian War, Louisbourg and Quebec. |
| Cottage industry |
rural families made cloth for capitalist-entrepreneurs |
| Enclosure |
enclosed the many small fields as one – ended cooperative tradition |
| Richard Arkwright |
Invented the water frame which quickly made yarn |
| Grand Tour |
the tour of Europe’s major cities taken to finish off education |
| Uffizi Gallery |
art gallery in Florence |
| Order of St. Vincent de Paul |
private charitable institution that helped the poor, but was eventually overwhelmed |
| Marie Antoinette |
Austrian wife of French King Louis XVI |
| Robert Walpole |
British Prime Minister George I and II permitted to run their governments |
| John Wilkes |
Journalist member of the British parliament whose quarrel with royalty led to reform |
| Junkers |
Prussian ruling class who held most army offices |
| Maria Theresa |
Austrian empress who led political and fiscal reforms |
| Montcalm |
Loser of an empire on the Plains of Abraham |
| Jethro Tull |
Agriculture experimenter who advocated keeping soil loose for air and moisture |
| Richard Arkwright |
Inventor of the “water frame” powered spinning wheel |
| Andrea Palladio |
Architect whose classical style influenced country homes of aristocrats |
| Sisters of Charity |
Catholic organization dedicated to helping the poor |
| William Pitt the Younger |
Served King George III through the times of the French Revolution and wars of Napoleon |
| 7 Years' War |
Fought in India and in North America to determine whether Britian or France would have the greater world-wide eimpire |
| The French and Indian War |
Over territorial expansion between the British, the French, and their Native American allies |
| Treaty of Paris |
Britain received everything east of the Mississippi and Spanish Florida |
| Pragmatic Sanction |
Charles VI of Hapsburg's daughter Maria Theresa claimed his legal heir |
Poultry
