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Chapter 18 Study Guide Questions

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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TERM
INFO
Enlightened Absolutism   People need the direction of an Enlightened, absolute ruler  
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Cardinal Fleury   Louis XIV’s minister, who haltered the duke of Orleans’ good intentions  
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United Kingdom   Gov’ts of England and Scotland united  
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Pocket borough   one person controlled representatives from a borough(s)  
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Hanoverians   dynasty that didn’t really understand the British system  
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Robert Walpole   Prime minister of George I and II of Britain, who perused a peaceful foreign policy  
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Patriots   wanted democratic reform for more political participation – repressed  
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Junkers   Prussian landed aristocrats who dominated its army  
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Frederick the Great   Prussia - best educated & cultured monarch who believed in some freedom and complete religious toleration  
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Joseph II   Austria – eliminated serfdom with complete religious toleration and make 16k decrees and laws - philosophy was lawmaker of his empire  
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Emelyan Pugachev   Russian Cossack who succeeded in turning discontent into a mass revolt against Catherine the Great  
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Thaddeus Kosciuszko   led a filed Polish rebellion against Austria, Prussia, and Russia  
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Robert Clive   Helped the British to defeat the French in India  
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James Wolfe   Brilliant British general who won the two most different battles of the French & Indian War, Louisbourg and Quebec.  
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Cottage industry   rural families made cloth for capitalist-entrepreneurs  
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Enclosure   enclosed the many small fields as one – ended cooperative tradition  
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Richard Arkwright   Invented the water frame which quickly made yarn  
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Grand Tour   the tour of Europe’s major cities taken to finish off education  
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Uffizi Gallery   art gallery in Florence  
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Order of St. Vincent de Paul   private charitable institution that helped the poor, but was eventually overwhelmed  
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Marie Antoinette   Austrian wife of French King Louis XVI  
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Robert Walpole   British Prime Minister George I and II permitted to run their governments  
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John Wilkes   Journalist member of the British parliament whose quarrel with royalty led to reform  
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Junkers   Prussian ruling class who held most army offices  
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Maria Theresa   Austrian empress who led political and fiscal reforms  
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Montcalm   Loser of an empire on the Plains of Abraham  
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Jethro Tull   Agriculture experimenter who advocated keeping soil loose for air and moisture  
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Richard Arkwright   Inventor of the “water frame” powered spinning wheel  
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Andrea Palladio   Architect whose classical style influenced country homes of aristocrats  
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Sisters of Charity   Catholic organization dedicated to helping the poor  
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William Pitt the Younger   Served King George III through the times of the French Revolution and wars of Napoleon  
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7 Years' War   Fought in India and in North America to determine whether Britian or France would have the greater world-wide eimpire  
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The French and Indian War   Over territorial expansion between the British, the French, and their Native American allies  
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Treaty of Paris   Britain received everything east of the Mississippi and Spanish Florida  
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Pragmatic Sanction   Charles VI of Hapsburg's daughter Maria Theresa claimed his legal heir  
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