Pathophysiology Unit 2, Ch. 6
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| Aldosterone | fluid balance control mechanism; adrenal cortex hormone that determines reabsorption of sodium ions and water from kidney tubules; conserve more fluid when body fluid deficit is present
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| Anion | negatively charged ion
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| Anorexia | loss of appetite
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | fluid balance control mechanism; pituitary hormone that controls the amt of fluid leaving the body in urine; promotes reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules
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| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide | fluid balance control mech; hormone from atria myocardial cells; reduces heart workload by regulating fluid, Na, and K lvls;
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| Capillary permeability | capacity of vessel walls to allow molecules to pass through
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| Carpopedal spasm | strong muscular contraction of the hand/foot
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| Cation | positively charged ion
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| Diffusion | movement of molecules from area of high concentration to low concentration
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| Diuretic | substance that encourages urination; can be used as a form of fluid balance control since it causes the body to expel fluid
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| Dysrhythmia | irregular rhythm, in reference to heartbeats/brainwaves
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| Electrocardiogram | record of electrical conduction in the heart
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| Extracellular | environment outside of the cell
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| Filtration | passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles, or substances; movement of water and solutes from blood into ISF
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| Hydrogen ions | amount of these ions determines the acidity of a solution; more = acidosis; fewer = alkalosis
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| Hydrostatic pressure | “push” force;
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| Hypertonic/hyper-osmolar | solution with greater concentration of solutes/higher osmotic pressure than that inside the cells present in the solution
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| Hypervolemia | increased blood volume
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| Hypothalamus | portion of the brain located below the thalamus and above the brain stem; control center for hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep, circadian cycles
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| Hypotonic/hypo-osmolar | solution with lower concentration of solutes as compared to another solution
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| Hypovolemia | decreased blood volume
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| Interstitial fluid | considered extracellular fluid; intercellular fluid, or fluid between cells
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| Intracellular | environment inside of a cell
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| Intravascular fluid | considered extracellular fluid; blood
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| Isotonic/iso-osmolar | solution has same tonicity of that it is being compared to; aka “equal” so no transfer of water/solutes to even out concentrations
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| Laryngospasm | closure of the larynx obstructing the airway
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| Milliequivalent (mEq) | unit of measure applied to electrolytes; describes the concentration of electrolytes in a solution
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| Nonvolatile metabolic acids | excreted by kidneys; include lactic acid, ketoacids, sulfates, phosphates; not excreted by lungs, and not carbon based
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| Osmoreceptor | sensory nerve receptor stimulated by changes in fluid and electrolyte concentrations
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| Osmosis | force that draws water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration (ISF) to solution of higher concentration (blood)
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| Osmotic pressure | “pull” force;
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| Paresthesias | abnormal sensations
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| Skin turgor | indicates tension of the skin based on pressure within the cells; measure of dehydration
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| Tetany | repeated skeletal muscle contractions or spasms; seen in extremities and face, related to increased irritability of the nerves, often associated with hypocalcemia
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| Third-spacing | refers to a situation in which fluid shifts out of blood into a body cavity/tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid; ex. peritonitis, burns; results in hypovolemia and excess fluid in interstitial space
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| Transcellular | fluids present in various secretions, such as in the pericardial cavity or synovial cavities of joints
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| Edema | excess fluid in the interstitial compartment
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| cause of edema | increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, forcing excessive amts of fluid out and prevents return of fluid from interstitial compartment
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| cause of edema | loss of plasma proteins, reducing plasma osmotic pressure
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| cause of edema | obstruction of lymphatic circulation, restricting return of excess fluid & protein to general circulation
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| cause of edema | increased capillary permeability—as in inflammation, resulting in fluid & protein mvmnt into interstitial compartment
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| obstruction of lymphatic circulation due to removal of lymphatic vessels; increased capillary permeability & hydrostatic pressure immediately following surgery | state the cause responsible for edema formation with a swollen arm following mastectomy
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| loss of plasma proteins due to decreased production of plasma proteins | edema in the form of abdominal swelling accompanying liver failure/cirrhosis is caused by what?
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| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased permeability | edema as swelling accompanied by inflammation is caused by what?
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| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to increased blood volume, poss. Due to decreased capillary osmotic pressure b/c of protein wasting | generalized edema that occurs in severe kidney disease is caused by what?
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| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to gravity | cause of edema as swelling of ankles that often happens at end of day/prolonged standing
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| increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability due to inflammation | swelling that occurs following multiple tooth extractions is caused by what?
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| obstruction of lymphatic circulation or increased capillary hydrostatic pressure if blood vessels are compressed | cause of edema that may accompany cancer
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| increased capillary permeability and loss of plasma proteins | cause of edema that accompanies burns
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| increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to increased water retention | cause of edematous hands and ankles that sometimes accompany excessive ingestion of salt
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| loss of plasma proteins due to decreased synthesis of plasma proteins | cause of the abdominal swelling that occurs with starvation
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| increased capillary hydrostatic pressure | cause of swelling of the ankles associated with heart problems
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| increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability due to inflammation | swelling associated with allergic reactions, such as hives
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| manifestations of dehydration | sunken, soft eyes, decreased skin turgor, thirst, weight loss, rapid weak pulse, low BP, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, possible stupor, increased body temp, hypovolemic shock.
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| Renal failure, prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, excessive sweating, diuretic therapy, aldosterone insufficiency | causes of hyponatremia
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| Tetany | skeletal muscle spasms due to hypocalcemia
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| Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia | electrolyte imbalances that affect normal cardiac function
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