Biochem Vitamins
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| Thiamine | TPP (Thiamine PyroPhosphate) | decarboxylase -oxidative and non-oxidative DECARBOXYLATIONS -remove CO2 or HCO3- | cereals, whole grains, meats, legumes | Beriberi:
weight loss, weakness, swelling (wet = circ problems; dry = extremity paralysis)
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| Lipoic Acid | used with TPP | DECARBOXYLASE -oxidative decarboxylations (does ox/red for TPP, 2H+/2e-) -ALSO ACYL GROUP CARRIER (forms thioester with carboxyl) | green leafy vegetables and red meats | hard to establish deficiency
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| Pantothenic Acid | CoA (CoASH, Coenzyme A) | ACYL CARRIER (BEST) -acyl/acid transfers (NEEDS ATP) | fucking everywhere! | hard to establish deficiency
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| Pyridoxine (B6, PYRIDOXAL!) | PLP | transaminase -transfers amine groups -SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS -acts as prosthetic group with LYSINE | ?? | hard to establish deficiency BUT...
-OD = neuro problems
-deficiency = skin dryness/rash
-NOTE: pts taking isoniazid/penicillamine/levodopa
-SHIFF BASES
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| Biotin | ALWAYS A PROSTHETIC GROUP | CARBOXYLASE -addition of CO2 or bicarb -energy from ATP -prosthetic group w/ lysine | abundant in almost all foods | hard to establish deficiency BUT
-patients who eat lots of raw egg whites (bodybuilders)
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| Folic Acid | THF/THFA | -transfer of carbon units EXCEPT carboxyls -methyl, methylene, formyl, formimino, methenyl -PURINE/PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES -conversion of U->T | green vegetables, grains, legumes | hard to establish deficiency
-SUPPLEMENTED in pregnant women
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| Cobalamin (B12) | none | RECYCLING OF THF +transfer of methyl groups -synthesis of DNA, prod RBC, fatty acid metabolism, neuron function | ? | ?
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| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C!) | none (derivative of glucose) | ? | fruits and vegetables | SCURVY
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| Retinol (Vitamin A, fat-soluble) | none | proper eyesight, component of visual pigments in retina | meat, animal oils, carrots, mangos | "night blindness"
dry, flaky skin
-OD = blurred vision, dizziness, HA
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| Calciferols (Vitamin D, fat-soluble) | none | absorption of calcium phosphate (BONES) | fish and fish oils, ADDED TO MILK | rickets
-softening and bowing of weight-carrying bones
-(SYNTHESIZED IN SKIN WITH SUNLIGHT)
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| Tocopherols (Vitamin E, fat-soluble) | none | antioxidant!! -neutralization of free radicals | wheat germ and nuts | hard to establish deficiency
-ODs rare
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| Vitamin K (for the German "Koagulation") | none | enzymes in the clotting cascade (calcium binding) | green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils | impaired blood clot formation
-no documented ODs
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| Niacin (Nicotinamide/Nicotinic Acid) | NAD+/NADH (catabolism, oxidation) NADP+/NADPH (anabolism, reduction) | dehydrogenase (ox/red) OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS "hydride carriers" (H-) | meat, nuts, bran | Pellagra:
diarrhea, skin ulcers, mental changes/disorders
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| Riboflavin | FAD/FADH2 FMN/FMNH2 | (ox/red) of alkanes --> alkenes! (free radical transfer, 2H+ and 2e-) -oxidative pathways of carbs and fats | in almost all foods ("ubiquitous") | hard to establish deficiency
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