| Question |
Answer |
| Specific heat |
A measure of the energy required to effext a temperature change per gram. |
| Specific heat of water |
4.18 J/gC |
| Heat of Vaporization |
The energy required to effect a change of state from liquid to vapor. |
| Heat of Vaporization of water |
2280 J/g or 41 kJ/mol |
| Convection |
A warm body surrounded by air warms the air around it. This air becomes less dense, and moves away, and cooler air moves in to repeat process. |
| Conduction |
A warm body close to a cold body, heat flows from hot to cold. |
| Endothermic reaction |
+ delta H |
| Exothermic reaction |
- delta H |
| Basic solution |
pH greater than 7 |
| Acidic solution |
pH less than 7 |
| pH |
-log of hydrogen ion concentration |
| Ion - Dipole |
A purely ionic molecule interacts with other dipole molecules (i.e.: Na+ and water). The positive charge of the ion is attracted to the negative end of the dipole. |
| Dipole - Dipole |
An interaction between two polar molecules (i.e.: water and water) where the positive end of one dipole is attracted to the negative end of the other dipole. |
| Hydrogen Bonding |
An electrostatic attraction between molecules of H bound to an O, F, or N and another O, F, or N. Causes anomalous behavior of water! 15 – 20 kJ/mol |
| Dipole - Induced Dipole (dispersion) |
A polar molecule creates a dipole (charge separation) in an adjacent non-polar molecule. The strength increases as molar mass increases. |
| Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole |
Momentary attraction and repulsion between electrons and nuclei creates induced dipoles and leads to a net stabilization due to attractive forces. |
| London Forces |
A weak dispersion force due to the circulation of electrons between 2 non-polar covalent molecules. |
| Amphipathic |
Agents that have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| Micelles |
Cluster of amphipathic agents, typically in a polar solvent |
| Tyndall Effect |
The effect of particles suspended in liquid, scattering light. Micelles do this. |
| Mixed Micelle |
The hydrophobic agent gets locked up in the hydrophilic portion of the micelle. |
| What is the function of a mixed micelle? |
Allows for the polar solvent to accommodate hydrophobic solutes. |
| Electrolyte |
A solute which, when dissolved in water produces a solution that conducts electricity. |
| Strong electrolyte |
Will completely dissociate in water |
| Weak electrolyte |
Doesn't completely dissociate in water. |
| Non-electrolytes |
Do not dissociate in water. |
| Solubility |
The amount of a substance dissolved in moles/L (Ksp). You must know the [products] at equilibrium. |
| Buffer systems |
A chemical system that is designed to resist changes in pH. |
| Buffer Capacity |
the amount of added acid or base that a buffer can control. |
| Henderson-Hasselbach |
ph =pKa + log[CB]/[Acid] |
| What is an example of an intracellular buffer system? |
Inorganic Phophate |
| What is an example of an extracellular buffer system? |
Sodium Bicarbonate |
| When temperature increases, what happens to the solubility of a gas? |
It Decreases. |
| When pressure increases, what happens to the solubility of a gas? |
It increases. |
| Primary Alkali deficit |
Deficiency of a proton acceptor (base). Results in acidosis. |
| What is the respiratory compensation of primary alkali deficit? |
Hyperventilation. Decreases pressure and restores pH. |
| What is the renal compensation of primary alkali deficit? |
Excretion of NH4+ |
| Primary Alkali Excess |
Excess of a proton acceptor (base). Become alkalotic. |
| What is the respiratory compensation for primary alkali excess? |
Hypoventilation, increases pressure and restores pH. |
| What is the renal compensation for primar alkali excess? |
Excretion of HCO3- |
| Primary Carbon Dioxide Excess |
Excess of a proton donor (acid). Results in acidosis. |
| Amino Acids |
Contain a carboxylate group, an amine group and an R-grou |
| How can amino acids be categorized based on their R-groups? |
Hydrophobic, polar (charged or uncharged), aromatic. |
| Zwitterion |
A molecule with two charges but no net charge. |
| Isoelectric Form |
Occurs at the isoelectric pH, where zwitterions form. Can be used to isolate proteins. |
| Know Respiration Diagrams, and protein structures are left out because I have them in Cell Bio Cards! |
Good Luck! |
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