| Question |
Answer |
| What are the special products of AA metabolism? |
creatine, glycine conjugates, neurotransmitters, NO, purines, Heme |
| Where does creatine synthesis begin? |
kidney |
| Where does creatine synthesis end? |
liver |
| What are the first two reactants in creatine synthesis? |
Gly Arg |
| Gly and Arg combine to form what two products in creatine synthesis? |
Orn and guanidinoacetate |
| What two immediate reactants form creatine? |
guanidinoacetate and SAM |
| Creatine is phosphorylated to form creating phosphate via what enzyme? |
creatine phosphokinase |
| What is measured to determine muscle and brain cell damage? |
serum creatine phosphokinase levels (CK) |
| What kind of CK is found in the brain mostly? |
CK1, BB |
| What kind of CK is found primarily in the heart? |
CK2, MB |
| What kind of CK is found primarily in the skeletal muscle? |
CK3, MM |
| Many AAs are decarboxylated by reactions that require what enzyme? |
pyridoxal phosphate |
| Glutamate is decarboxylate to form what inhibitory neurotransmitter? |
GABA |
| Histidine is decarboxylated by PLP to form what? |
histamine |
| What is the physiological effect of histamine? |
vaso-dilation, broncho-constriction |
| The decarboxylation of ornathine produces what polyamine precrusor? |
putrescine |
| Putresence is a precursor to what two polyamines? |
spermine and spermidine |
| What is formed from the decarboxylation of Ser with Palmitoyl CoA? |
Sphingosine |
| What is formed from the decarboxylation of tryptophan? |
serotonin, melatonin, nicotinamide |
| What hormones are produced from the decarboxylation of Tyr? |
catecholamines |
| What is seratonins physiological function? |
vasoconstrictor and smooth mm contraction |
| What is the course from Trp to melatonin? |
Trp, 5-OH-Trp, Serotonin, N-Acetylserotonin, melatonin |
| What AA is the precursor for L-DOPA? |
Tyrosine |
| Tyrosine can be synthesized by what AA? |
phenylalanine |
| What is required to form Dopa from Tyr? |
tyr hydroxylase, BH4 |
| What is required to form NorEpi from Dopamine? |
dopamine hydroxylase, copper, vitC |
| What is required to form Epi from NorEpi? |
SAM |
| What AA are directly neurotransmitters? |
Glu, Gly |
| What AA forms GABA? |
Glu |
| What AA forms catecholamines? |
Tyr |
| What AA forms serotonin? |
Trp |
| Catecholamines are deactivated by what three steps of degredation? |
oxidative deamination, oxidation, O-methylation |
| Oxidative deamination is catalyzed by what enzyme in the break down of catecholamines? |
monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
| What is COMT? |
chatecholamine O-methyl transferase |
| What AA precursor is involved in the synthesis of nitric oxide? |
Arg |
| NO synthase produces what two products from Arg? |
NO and Citrulline |
| NO synthase exists in what two tissue-specific forms? |
1 - overproduction of NO in macrophages; 2 - vascular endothelium vasodilation |
| What are the cascade of effects from NO in smooth muscles cells? |
NO stimulates guanylate cyclase, produces cGMP, stimulates relaxation |
| What drug is frequently used by patients with angina pectoris? |
nitroglycerin |
Cardio Block2anatomy
