| Question |
Answer |
| What is metastatic lung cancer? |
Cancer that started in the lungs and traveled other places. |
| What do cancer cells do to normal cells? |
Out compete the normal cells. |
| What must cancer do to survive? |
Self sufficient growth signals
insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Tissue invasion and metastasis
Sustained antiogenesis
Evasion of aptosis
Limitless replicative potential |
| How many mutations are needed for cancer? |
more than 1 |
| Process of cell transformation (4) |
One mutation.
The mutation induces a hyperproliferative state.
A second mutation occurs leading to a cancer cell.
Metastasis. |
| Explain Metastasis |
Tumor degrades the basement membrane, go thru the extracelluar matrix and enter the blood supply. |
| How are growth factors proto-oncogenes? |
1. Growth factors and GF receptors
2. GF receptor must bind to GF and activate downstream signal tranduction pathways.
3. Signal tranduction proteins go out of control and growthfactor doesn't stop |
| What is a proto-oncogene? |
A gene that can be mutated into an oncogene |
| What is an oncogene? |
A gene that will enable cells to become self-transformated. |
| What are tumor suppressors? |
Proteins that inhibit tumor growth |
| What is pRB? |
protein Retnoblastoma |
| What does retnoblastoma do? |
Inhibits E2F |
| What is E2F |
Forces cell from G1 to S phase |
| What is retinoblastoma? |
Autosomal recessive trait.
Deletion on chromosome 13.
Cannot make retinoblastoma so tumors develop. |
| What does p53 do? |
Senses DNA damage adn also induces p21 |
| What does p21 do? |
Inhibits the cell cycle |
| What happens if Ras is being over expressed? |
It is going to continuously have more DNA expression and cause uncontrolled growth. |
| What is Hedgehog? |
Will bind to a transmembrane protein and increase gene expression and cell proliferation. |
| What family of glycoproteins mediates oncogenesis? |
Cadherins.
It is a tumor suppressor |
| RAS and RB do what to tumors? |
cause them |
| What is apoptosis? |
cell death |
| What is an example of anti-apoptosis? |
Bcl-2 |
| What is a pro-apoptosis protein? |
Bax |
| In cancer what protein is over expressed when apoptosis is the problem? |
Bcl-2 |
| What is the multiple hit hypothesis? |
Mutations have to have multiple hits in the cell for it to be cancer |
| How does smoking cause cancer? |
Benzopyrine changes the base pairing in DNA so it mutates the cell |
| How do moldy peanuts cause cancer? |
Produces a toxin that reacts with the N7 group of guanosine. |
| How does hereditary breast cancer occur? |
Repair of double strand breaks by homologous recombination. |
| How does Xeroderma pigmemtosum occur? |
UV light.
Nucleotide excision repair is inhibited. |
| How do telomeres affect cancer? |
Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis. |
| How do telomeres affect cancer? |
Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis. |
| What is Burkit Lymphoma? |
Translocation mutation |
| What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia? |
Portion of chromosome 9 is replaced with chromosome 22 causing a shifting in genes. Looses regulation. |
HHS Shrek
