Question | Answer |
Psychology | study of the mind + scientific study of behavior and mental process |
Dualism | human mind and body are two distinct entities |
Early philosophers | Aristotle, R.Cart |
Wilhelm Wundt | Father of psychology (1879) Structuralism, created first lab |
Structuralism | breaking down mental processes |
Functionalism | mind shaped by natural selection. Education, environment, ways of life |
Gestalt psychology | Max Wertheimer ( whole elements ) perception and sensation |
William James | founder of functionalism |
Behaviorism | observing measurable change, people and animals |
John B. Watson | founder of behaviorist movement |
Ivan Pavlov | classical conditioning |
B.F. Skinner | operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment (skinner box) |
Sigmund Freud | Psychodynamic theory. Emphasized that many important mental processes happen outside the conscious awareness state. |
Humanism | human nature is inherently good, and people seek to improve. (goal oriented, free will) |
Carl Rogers | founders of humanistic approach |
Abraham Maslow | founders of humanistic approach |
The Psychological Perspectives | biological, evolutionary, cognitive, social, developmental, clinical, individual differences |
Five steps in the scientific method (in order) | 1.Perceive – to ask questions (research) 2.Hypothesize – predict, educate guess 3.Test – put hypothesis to work, assessment 4.draw conclusions – the product, data, results of test 5.Report, revise, replicate – publish results |
Naturalistic observation | watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment. |
Naturalistic observation (adv | realistic picture of behavior |
Naturalistic observation disadv | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed. (observer effect) |
(observer effect) | tendency of people to behave differently from normal when they’re being observed |
Participant observer | a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes an actual participant in the study. |
Observer bias | tendency of observer to see what they want to expect. |
Blind Observer | - people who do not know what research question is. Reduce observer bias. |
Laboratory observation | watching animals or humans behave in a lab setting |
Laboratory observation (adv | control over environment, specialized equipment |
Laboratory observation disadv | – artificial behavior |
Case study | study of one individual in great deal. Estimate time 6months per person |
Case study (adv | tremendous amount of detail |
Case study disadv | cannot apply to other |
Surveys | researches ask a series of questions about the topic |
Surveys (adv | data from large numbers of people. Study convert behavior |
Surveys disadv | people are not always accurate (courtesy bias) |
Correlational studies | a measure of the relationship between two variables |
Positive correlation | both go the same direction, more towards +1 |
Negative correlation | both go opposite directions, towards -1 |
Operational definitions | definition variable of inserts that allows it to be directly measured. |
Independent variable | variable being manipulated *program |
Dependent variable | depends on the independent effect |
Experimental design | experimental group / control group) |
Exp group | being treated on |
Control group | not being manipulated |
Random assignment | – randomly assigning subjects to control or experiment group |
Placebo effect | – phenomenon in which expectation of participants in a study can influence their behavior |
Single blind studies | subject does not know which group they’re in. |
Experimenter effects | tendency of experimenter expectation for a study to unintentionally influence results of study |
Double blind studies | third party is brought to assign groups. Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the study. |
Quasi experimental design | not necessarily in experiment form due to lack of resources. Therefore random assignment is used |
Nervous system | caries info to and from all parts of the body |
Neuroscience | study of neural structure behavior and learning |
Structure of the neuron | Neuron,Dendrites,Axon,Myelin,Soma |
1. Soma | nucleus, life of cell |
2. Dendrites | branch that receives messages from other cells |
3. Axon | longest part of the cell. Cell that carries neural message |
4. Myelin | protects and speeds up communication 270mph |
5. Neuron | both electrically and chemically. • Resting potential – stable • Action potential – work • Refractory period – back to rest |
All or none | neuron either fires completely or not at all |
The synapse | point of communication between to neurons |
Neural impulse | communication within the neuron itself is electrical; communication between neurons is chemical) |
Excitatory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to FIRE |
inhibitory neurotransmitter | causes receiving cell to STOP |
Neurotransmitters and functions | (acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine, endorphins) |
Central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
Three types of neurons | Sensory
Interneurons
Motor |
1. Sensory | senses to central nervous system (cns) |
2. Motor | central nervous system (cns) to muscles |
3. Interneurons- | outnumber all other neurons. Communicate between motor and sensory |
Peripheral nervous system | – Automatic (involuntary) Somatic (sensory and skeletal) |
Autonomic nervous system | parasympathetic ns, sympathetic ns) |
Parasympathetic | conserving energy, calming |
Sympathetic | fight or flight arousal |
Brain structures: | Pons
Cerebellum
Cortex
Reticular formation
Limbic system
Medulla |
Pons | arousal and sleep dreaming |
Cerebellum | rapid, fine motor movement, balance, equilibrium |
Medulla | – life sustaining functions, breathing, swallowing, and heart rate |
Reticular formation | Selecting attention) |
Limbic system | hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus |
Cortex | outermost layer of the brain, responsible for higher thinking |
Corpus callusom | spindle fibers that connect the two hemispheres. |
Four lobes | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
1. Frontal lobe | decision making and fluent speech |
2. Parietal lobe | balance *touch, taste, temp |
3. Temporal lobe | sense of hearing and meaningful speech |
4. Occipital lobe | visual center of the brain |
acetylcholine | excitatory and inhibitory. involved in memory and controls muscle contraction |
serotonin | excitatory inhibitory. involved appetite, mood, and sleep |
GABA | major inhibitory neurotrans. involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
glutamate | major excitatory trans. involved in learning, memory formation and nervous system development. |
norepinephrine | major excitatory. arousal and mood |
dopamine | excitatory and inhibitory. control movement and pleasure. |
endorphins | pain relief |