Question | Answer |
specialized Disciplines in Microbiology | geomicrobiologists, marine microbiologists, Medical microbiologists, nurse epidemologists, astrobiologists |
genetic engineering | manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products |
bioremediation | using living organisms to remedy sn environmental problem |
biotechnology | production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms |
antonie van leeuwenhoek | first to observe living microbes |
Discovery of spores and sterilization | john tyndall and ferdinad Cohn |
Discovery of Aseptic techniques | human body is source of infection.
-Dr.oliver Wendall
-dr.Ignaz semmelweis
-joseph lister |
traditional whittaker system of classification | 5 kingdoms
2 cell types |
woese-fox system | propose three distinct cell lines
-domain bacteria
-domain archaea
-domain eukarya |
The six I's | incubation, inoculation, isolation, inspection, information gathering, and identification |
Specimen collection | sample object of interest
anything(body fluids, foods, water, soil, plants, and animals etc.) |
Inoculation | introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth |
Isolation | -seperating one species from another |
incubation | under conditions that allow growth |
Inspection | If a single species is growing in the container, you have a pure culture but if there are multiple species than you have a mixed culture |
Ways to Identify a Microbe: | -Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
-DNA sequence
-Biochemical tests to determine an organism’s chemical and metabolic characteristics
-Immunological tests |
Chemical composition | synthetic and complex |
functional type | general purpose, enriched, selctive, differential, anarobic, transport, assay enumeration |
Physical States of Media | Liquid – broth; does not solidify
Semisolid – contains solidifying agent
Solid – firm surface for colony formation
-Contains solidifying agent |
Transmission electron microscopes | transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts. |
Scanning electron microscopes | provide detailed three-dimensional view. SEM bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it. |
Differential stains | use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts (examples: Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain) |
Simple stains | one dye is used; reveals shape, size, and arrangement |
Acidic dyes | anionic, negatively charged chromophore |
Nutrient broth | liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone |
Synthetic | – contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula |
Enriched media | – contains complex organic |
Complex or nonsynthetic | – contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable |
General purpose media – | grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic |
Selective media | contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes |
Differential media | allows growth of several types of microbes and
displays vixible differences among those microbes |
reducing medium | contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen into the medium |
Characteristics of Cells and Life | Basic shape – spherical, cubical, cylindrical
Internal content – cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
DNA chromosome(s), ribosomes, metabolic capabilities |
Reproduction and heredity | genome composed of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce offspring sexually or asexually |
Glycocalyx | surface coating |
Flagella | Filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
Hook – curved sheath
Basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall |
Monotrichous | single flagellum at one end |
Lophotrichous | small bunches emerging from the same site |
Amphitrichous | flagella at both ends of cell |
Peritrichous | flagella dispersed over surface of cell |
Fimbriae | Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface |