Question | Answer |
What converts CO2 to bicarbonate? | carbonic anhydrase |
How does CO2 get transported? | dissolved CO2, dissolved bicarbonate (major), bound to hemo, bound to plasma px |
What is main fxn of circulatory system? | 1. circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hx, ions, and fluids
2. removal of metabolic waste |
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through and into? | superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium |
What is the path for deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs |
What is path for oxygenated blood from the lungs? | lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta |
Tricuspid valve | separates right atrium from right ventricle |
Pulmonary valve | separates right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
Bicuspid (mitral) valve | Separates left atrium and left ventricle |
Aortic valve | separates left ventricle and aorta |
What are the 4 major valves? | tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve, aortic valve |
Systolic pressure is when blood is _____ and ventricles are _____ | being pumped / contracting |
Diastolic pressure is when blood is ______ and ventricles are _______. | not being pumped / relaxing |
What does pulmonary circulation accomplish? | oxygenates blood and gets rid of CO2 |
What is pathway for pulmonary circulation? | heart - lungs - back to heart |
What does systemic circulation accomplish? | provides oxygenated blood to rest of body |
What is pathway for systemic circulation? | heart - body - back to heart |
Is there more or less blood pressure in pulmonary vs. systemic circulation? | less |
When oxygen levels are low, vasodilation / vasoconstriction to tissue? | vasodilation |
When oxygen levels are low in lungs, vasoconstriction / vasodilation? | vasoconstriction |
How does blood flow from artery --> vein? | artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein |
What are 2 types of arteries? | -elastic artery (lots of elastic tissue)
-muscular arteries (lots of muscle) |
What are the components of an artery? | endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue |
Is the aorta active in vasoconstriction? | NO |
What is the major fxn of arteriole? | controls blood flow to capillaries and vasoconstriction |
What is the most important site for vasoconstriction? | arteriole |
What is the importance of vasoconstriction? | determines which tissues get more blood |
Is capillary involved with vasoconstriction? | NO |
What is the capillary made of and what is it's major fxn? | -single cell thick endothelium
-blood-tissue solute exchange |
Is there vasoconstriction in a venule? In a vein? | NO / SOME |
What is major fxn of venule? | merge of capillaries to be conducted to veins |
What is a vein made of and what is major fxn? | -endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
-return blood back to heart |
Only _______ (arteries / veins) have valves | veins |
Rank thickness between artery, arteriole, vein, venule, capillary | artery > vein > arteriole > venule > capillary |
Blood pressure is highest in the ______. | arteries (esp. aorta) |
Blood pressure is lowest in ________. | veins (esp. vena cava) |
Why is BP lowest in veins? | flow resistance brings pressure down |
What hx increase BP? | ADH, aldosterone, renin, adrenaline |
Is your blood ever not flowing? | NO --> elasticity of arteries |
What are the 2 adaptations that help blood flow even at low pressure? | respiratory pump and muscular pump |
What are continuous capillaries? Where are they found? | -no pores --> may have clefts at cx boundaries
-skin and muscles |
Fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found? | -have small pores that are large enough for nutrients and hx but not for blood cx
-found in small intestines, kidneys, endocrine organs |
What are sinusoidal capillaries? Where are they found? | -large pores so blood cx and lymphoscytes can pass
-found in lymphoid tissues, liver, spleen, bone marrow |
What are 3 layers of centrifuged blood? | plasma, buffy coat (WBCs, platelets), RBCs |
What is plasma made of? | water, px, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, wastes, hx, ammonia |
What is the most abundant cx in the body? | red blood cx |
Why does red blood cx have biconcave shape? | no nucleus, greater gas exchange, easier travel |
What does hemoglobin transport? | O2 and CO2 |
Are platelets cx? | NO --> cx fragments |
Where are RBCs made and what are they made from | -bone marrow / stem cx |
Where are RBCs destroyed? | spleen**, liver, bone marrow |
What are the 3 components of hemoglobin? | iron, heme, px (globin) |
What happens to the iron, heme, globin of hemoglobin during recycling? | -iron = recycled
-heme --> bilirubin --> bile --> excreted in feces
-globin = broken down to a.a. |
Where are blood clotting factors produced? | liver |
What is the general clotting mechanism? | platelet plug formation, coagulation, retraction and repair |
What is the main coagulation factor? | fibrinogen --> fibrin! |
hematocrit | % volume that is RBC = 45% |
Each iron in a hemo can bind ____ oxygen. | one |
_____ binds oxygen tighter than hemoglobin. | myoglobin |
_____ binds hemoglobin tighter than oxygen | carbon monoxide |
What is hemo's lower oxygen affinity associated with? | lower pH and higher temperature |
When interstitial fluid pressure > lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessels open and interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries |
When interstitial fluid < lymphatic pressure, what happens? | lymph vessel flaps close and prevents lymph from leaking out |
What is a lacteal? | lymphatic capillary in small intestine |
Where are lymphocytes produced? | bone marrow from blood stem cx |
Why are there lymphocytes in lymph tissue? | cleans and filters the lymph |
What is lymph? | stuff that leaks out of capillaries (water, px, WBC, chemicals) |
Are there any RBC in lymph system? | NO --> only WBC |
What is the source of lymph? | blood plasma from capillaries - interstitial fluid - lymph - returned to blood |
Deoxygenated blood from the head and neck returns to the heart via_______. | superior vena cava |
Deoxygenated blood from lower body returns to heart via __________. | inferior vena cava |
hepatic portal system | connects vasculatures of intestines and liver |
hypophyseal portal system | connects vasculatures of hypothalamus and pituitary in brain |
semilunar valve | -valve btwn arteries and ventricles
--> prevent backflow of blood |
BP in right atrium is _____. | zero |
cardiac output | total blood volume pumped by ventricle in one minute |
What closes during a systole? | AV valves |
What closes during a diastole? | semilunar valve |
myogenic activity | heart can fire w/o any descending input from nervous system |
Contraction begins at SA node in right atrium and goes through... | atria - AV node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibers - ventricles |
What kind of junctions are found in heart? | electrical synapses from gam junctions |
What slows the pace of the SA node? | vagus nerve |
Where is bundle of His located? | located in walls separating ventricles |
What is the problem with faster heartbeats? | less time for blood to enter heart during relaxation |
WHy do athletes have lower heart rate? | have stronger heart and stroke volume (pump more blood volume per beat so heart doesn't have to work so hard) |
What nervous system controls the heart? | autonomic nervous system |
Parasympathetic fibers release ___ to decrease heart rate | AcH |
Sympathetic fibers release ____ to increase heart rate. | norepinephrine |
What causes vasoconstriction in arterioles? | sympathetic innervation |
Which blood vessel regulates BP? | arterioles |
Why can veins carry large amts of blood? | walls stretch but do not recoil |
Where is most blood located? | veins |
Arteries rely on _______, veins rely on ______ to move blood. | elastic smooth muscle / skeletal muscle |
What are some methods for crossing the capillary wall? | pinocytosis, diffusion, fenestratins, clefts |
____ pressure decreases from arteriole to venule. | hydrostatic |
Rank cross-SA areas, arteries, capillaries, veins | capillaries > veins > arteries |
Where does blood move the slowest? | capillaries |
Is blood an ideal flow? | NO |
Where does the largest drop in pressure occur? | arterioles |
stroke volume | liters per beat |
Where is BP highest? | aorta |
Where are antibodies formed? | lymph tissue |
What does albumin do? | -transport f.a. and steroids
-regulate osmotic pressure |
Why can't O2 dissolve in aq. env't? | nonpolar |
What don't RBC have ? | no nuclei, mito, organelles |
What kind of respiration do RBC use? | anaerobic --> no mito |
Can RBC divide? | NO |
What is life for a RBC? | 120 days |
What kind of mem does a RBC have? | phospholipid membrane |
What is hemophilia? | malfxn in cascade of clotting reactions |
What does thromboplastin do? | prothrombin --> thrombin --> fibrinogen --> fibrin |
What are leukocytes? | cx that have organelles involved in immuen response |
What are the 2 types of leukocytes? | granular leukocytes and agranulocytes |
What is difference btwn granulocytes and agranulocytes? | -granulocytes = nonspecific immunity
-agranulocytes = specific immunity |
What do granulocytes include? | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
What do agranulocytes include? | lymphocytes and monocytes (nonspecific) |
What are monocytes? | macrophages that phagocytize foreign matter |
What are monocytes found in the brain called? | microglia |
What does HIV cause loss of? | T-cx |
_____ is the universal recipient blood type and can donate to ______. | Type AB / Type AB
-> no antibodies for either |
_____ is the universal donor and receive from_____ | Type O / Type O
--> makes A and B antibodies though |
What are the 2 major antigen families for blood types? | -ABO antigens
-Rh factor |
Where is blood stored? | spleen |
What type of immune cx are the most in the body? | neutrophils |
What is pus? | dead neutrophils and monocytes |
Lymphatic system | -collect excess interstitial fluid and return to blood through large veins in neck
-transport px and fats
-equalization of fluid distribution |
What kind of system is lymphatic system? | open |
What does lymph empty into? | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct |
Lymphoma | malignant lymphocytes grow too fast / live too long and produce tumors |
Gas exchange is based upon the equilibrium concentration of ____. | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
How does breathing create thermoregulation? | breathing causes you to lose heat |
What does diaphragm do when contracts? | increases chest volume, creates negative pressure inside lungs |
When somebody gives you mouth-to-mouth, what type of pressure is that? | positive |
Why does surface tension cause lung to collapse? | surface tension wants to create spherical structure |
What reduces surface tension? | surfactants |
Intrapulmonary pressure vs. intrapleural presure | -intrapulmonary = inside lung pressure
-intrapleural = intrapleural space pressure |
What does intrapulmonary pressure equal to? Intrapleural pressure? | -atmospheric pressure
-less than atmospheric pressure |
What is pressure differential in breathng? | difference btwn intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure |
What controls respiration? | medulla oblongata |
Why is left lung smaller than right lung? | heart |
Where is cilia found? Problem in microtubule production will affect what? | -respiratory tract, Fallopian, spinal cord
-respiration, fertility, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
thoracic cavity | has heart and lungs |
intrapleural space | space btwn visceral and parietal layers |
Visceral vs. parietal pleura | -visceral = adjacent to lungs
-parietal = adheres to diaphragm and thoracic chest wall |
What forces air into lungs? | pressure diff btwn negative pressure in intrapleural space and high (atmospheric) pressure in lungs |
During inhalation, intrapleural pressure ______.
During exhalation, intrapleural pressure ______. | -decrease
-increase |
What controls respiration rate? | pH sensitive chemocrx in medulla oblongata |
hypoventilation | lack of breathing, CO2 increases |
hyperventilation | too much breathing, oxygen increases, carbon dioxide decreases |
tidal volume | amount of air htat naturally exhals / inahles |
What does cholera create? | causes GI to secrete a lot of bicarbonate
-->metabolic acidosis |
Myoglobin has stronger affinity to oxygen than ____ but weaker than ________. | -hemoglobin
-cytochrome oxidase |
The spleen is part of the _____ system. | cardiovascular |
The trachea is part of the ____ system. | respiratory |
What is anemia? | abnormally low conc. of hemoglobin in blood |
Where are lymph nodes found? | groin and neck |
Capillary hydrostatic pressure | causes fluid to leave the cardiovascular system |
tissue hydrostatic pressure | forces fluid back into vascular system |
foramen ovale | allows blood to enter from right atrium to left atrium |
WHy is fetal circulation complicated? | non-functional lungs and liver |
ductus venosus | shunts blood flow of umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava
-allows O2-blood from placenta to bypass liver |
ductus arteriosus | allows blood from right ventricle to bypass fetus' fluid-filled lungs
-connects pulmonary artery to aorta |
Does a fetus breathe? | NO --> receives all nutrients from mother |
umbilical vein vs. umbilical artery | oxygenated blood vs. deoxygenated |
carbs and a.a. absorbed in small intestines enter systemic circulation via? | hepatic portal system |
fats that are absorbed by lacteal in small intestine enter systemic circulation via? | thoracic duct |
Where is hydrostatic pressure highest? | capillaries
--> pushes out |
What determines blood pressure? | cardiac output and resistance to blood flow |
Hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure | -pushing out vs. pulling in |
What is ideal flow according to Bernoulli? | non-turbulent flow, laminar flow, incompressible fluids |
What Bernoulli's principle does the cardiovascular match and not mach? | -match: as cross-SA increases, fluid velocity decreases
-not match: As cross-SA increases, fluid pressure increases
--> fluid pressure is low at capillaries |
Where is blood velocity lowest? | capillaries |
Where is the spleen located and what system is it part of ? | left / cardiovascular |
What side is the liver on? | right |
What organs regulate BP? | heart and kidneys |
What does ANF do? | stimulates elimination of sodium and water by kidneys |
Each heart lub/dub sound correspond to? | closing of a heart valve |
What creates the first sound of a heartbeat? | closing of mitral and tricuspid valves |
What creates the second sound of a heartbeat? | closing of pulmonaric and aortic valves |
What is the main pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
Pulse pressure | systolic - diastolic pressures |
blood pressure of right atrium | zero |
What is the renin-angiotensin pathway? | -kidneys - renin - angiotensinogen - Angio I - ACE acts on Angio I to convert to Angio 2 |
What does Angiotensin 2 stimulate? | aldosterone release from adrenal cortex to act on kidneys to increase sodium and fluid retention |
What are the major factors that influence BP? | blood volume, heart rate, and peripheral resistance to blood flow |
Does an increase in the number of blood vessels increase or decrease BP? | decrease |
The pharynx is part of the ____ and the _____. | digestive system and respiratory tract |
Describe pathway of air into lungs? | nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi |
What is the main force that drives the flow of blood? | pressure gradient |
What organ releases erythropoietin? What does it do? | kidneys --> stimulates bone marrow to roduce more blood cx |
What are central chemoreceptors affected by? | changes in CO2 concentration (hydrogen ion) |
What is the only metabolic pathway that produces CO2? | krebs |
Where does reabsorption of most peptides and sugars occur? | proximal convoluted tubule |
Where is the major site for water reabsorption? | loop of henle |
Do both ventricles pump different amounts of blood? | NO --> the same |
Sickle cell anemia | genetic dx that causes red blood cx to collapse when they are not carrying oxygen |
In the atmosphere, what gas percent is the highest? | nitrogen |
Where are the majority of plasma px synthesized at? | liver |
Percentage of red blood cells and plasma. | -erythrocytes -45%
-plasma - 55% |
anemia | red blood cx is decreased below normal range |
What synthesizes platelets? | megakaryocites |
What secretes erythropoietin and renin? | kidneys |
What is the largest non-solid organ in the body? | skin |
Does innate immunity become more efficient upon subsequent exposures? | NO |
What does Poiseuille's principle say about flow rate and conduction velocity? | both vary directly with radius^4 and both vary indirectly with length
-->short and wide = fastest
Q = r^4 / viscosity*length |
How does resistance relate to Poiseuille's principle? | INVERSE
R = viscosity*length/r^4 |
Where is BP and velocity the highest? | aorta/arteries |
Where is velocity lowest and SA the greatest? | capillaries |
Where is BP lowest? | veins |