Question | Answer |
Hierarchy of Complexity | Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism |
Sagittal Plane | Cut body into left and right halves |
Frontal Plane | Cut body into front and back halves |
Transverse Plane | Cut body into top and bottom halves |
Ipsilateral | Same side of the body |
Contralateral | Opposite side of the body |
Proximal | Toward the point of attachment/ origin |
Distal | Away from the point of attachment/ origin |
Negative Feedback | Effects in the opposite direction of the stimulus |
Positive Feedback | Effect is in the same direction as the stimulus; Used when a process, once started, needs to be completed quickly |
Elements of a feedback loop | 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Integration center 4. Effector |
Dynamic Equilibrium | Things in the body, i.e. temp, can only get so high or low before the brain takes action |
Homeostasis | Regulation of the body's internal conditions |
Parietal Membranes/ Pleura | Lines cavity walls/ layer on top of visceral pleura |
Visceral Membranes/ Pleura | Lines internal organs/ Lining directly on surface of the lungs |
Pericardium | Lines the heart |
Peritoneum | Lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
Pluera | Lines the lungs |
Atomic Number | Number of protons in the nucleus |
Protons | Single, (+) Charged, mass= 1 amu |
Neutrons | No charge, mass= 1 amu |
Electrons | Single, (-) Charged, very low mass; Determine the chemical properties of an atom |
Nucleus | Center of an atom |
Electrolytes | Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current; Importance: Chemical reactivity, influence water movement, electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue |
Ions | Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons |
Anions | Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) |
Cations | Atom that loses an electron (net positive charge) |
Chemical Bonds | Forces that hold molecules together, or attract one molecule to another |
Ionic Bond | Relatively weak attraction between an anion and cation |
Covalent Bond | Relatively Strong attraction; Sharing of 2 or more pairs of electrons between nucleui |
Hydrophilic | "Water Lover", dissolves in water |
Hyrophobic | "Water Hater", does not dissolve in water |
Acid | A proton donor, pH less than 7 |
Base | A proton acceptor, pH greater than 7 |
pH | Measure derived from the molarity of H+ |
Organic Compounds | Compounds with carbon base |
Carbohydrates | Hydrophilic compound; Primary in humans include monosaccharides, dissacharides, polusaccharides |
Lipids | Hydrophobic molecule; main function is energy storage, insulation, and shock absorption |
Protein | A polymer of amino acids |
Nucleic Acids | Polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA |
4 types of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospolipids, steroids |
Amphiphilic Phospholipids | Fatty acid "tails" are hydrophobic, and phosphate "head" is hydrophilic |
Trans Fat | |
Cholesterol | Component of the cell membranes; precursor of other steroids |
HDL | High Density lipoprotein; "good" cholesterol, lower ratio of lipid to protein and also may help cardiovascular disease |
LDL | Low Density lipoprotein; "bad" cholesterol, high ratio of lipid to protein and contributes to cardiovascular disease |
Protein Structure | 1. Primary: protein's sequence amino acids which is encoded in gene 2. Secondary: coil or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds 3. Tertiary: further bending and folding into globular and fibrous shapes 4. Quaternary: three- dimensional shape |
Enzyme | Proteins that function as biological catalysts |
Substrate | Substance an enzyme acts upon |
Activation Energy | Energy needed to get reaction started |
3 Components of nucleotides | Mitrogenous base(single or double carbon- nitrogen ring), Sugar (monosaccharide), and One or more phosphate group |
ATP | Best known nucleotide; Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), pphosphate groups (3) |
Role or Rough ER | Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes |
Role of Smooth ER | Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage |
Role of the nucleus | Genetic control center of the cell, directs protein synthesis, and shelters the DNA |
Role of ribosomes | Interpret the genetic code and sythesize polpeptides |
Role of golgi complex | Receives and modify newly synthesized polypeptides, carbohydrates, and adds carbohydrates to glycoprotein; packages cel products into golgi vesicles |
Role of golgi vesicles | Becomes secretory vesicles and carry cell products to apical surface for exocytosis, or become lysosomes |
Role of lysosomes | Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and glucose mobilization |
Role of mitochondria | ATP synthesis |
Role of microtubules | Form axomes of cilia and flagella, centrioels, basal bodies and mitotic spindles' enable motility of cell parts |
Role of centrioles | Form mitotic spindles during cell division |
Cytoplasm | Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (ICF) |
Extracellulat fluid | Fluid outside of the cell |
Plasma Membrane | Surrounds the cell and defines the boundaries; Made up of proteins and lipids; Controls passage of materials in and out of the cell |
Microvilli | "Brush Border", Extensions of membrane; Serve to increase the surface area |
Cilia | Hairlike processes, used for motility |
Flagella | Tail of a sperm, whiplike structure with axoneme to cilium |
Passive Transport | Require no ATP; Filtration, diffusion, osmosis |
Active Transport | Consumes ATP |
Carrier- Mediated Mechanisms | Use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other |
Simple Diffusion | The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration |
Facilitated Diffusion | Carrier- Mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient |
How hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances pass throught the membrane | Hydrophobic= Diffusion through the lipid bilayer, Hydrophilic= Diffusion through channel proteins |
Osmosis | Movement of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other |
Hypotonic Solution | Has lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF; Cell swelling |
Hypertonic Solution | Has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes; Cell shrinkage |
Endocytosis | Vesicular processes that bring material into the cell |
Exocytosis | Discharging material from the cell |
DNA structure | Long, threadlike molecule with uniform diameter |
Purines (double ring) | Adenine and Guanine |
Pyrimidines (single ring) | Cytosine and Thymine |
Molecular shape of DNA | Double Helix |
3 Components of nucleotides | Consists of 1 sugar, 1 phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base |
Law of complementary base pairing | One strand determines base sequence of the other |
Genes | Genetc instructions for synthesis of proteins |
Genome | All the genes of one person; Estimated 20,000-25,000 per human |
RNA and DNA differences | RNA is much smaller than DNA; Only one nucleotide; Ribose replace deoxyribose; Uracil replaces Thymine |
4 Nucleotides | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyminee, Uracil |
Transcription | Copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA; Step from DNA to mRNA in protein synthesis |
Translation | The process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids; Step from mRNA to protein in protein synthesis |
Ribosomes | Translate sequence of nucleotides into sequence of amino acids |
Dominant Allele | Corresponding trait is usually detetable in the individual; Masks effect of the recessive allele; Produces protein responsible for the visible trait |
Recessive Allele | Expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes |
Genotype | The allele that an individual possesses for a particular trait |
Phenotype | Observable trait |
Penetrance | The % of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype |
4 Broad categories of Tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
Epithelial Tissue | Claasified by the # of layers and the cell shape; Structure consists of a flat sheet, one side open to environment or internal space; attached to basement membrane; functions as surface lining and forms glands |
Simple Squamous | Found in the alveoli (lung) and serosa |
Simple Cubodial | Lines ducts: thyroid and kidney tubules |
Simple Columnar | May possess goblet cells; Line the GI tract |
Pseudostratified | Contain cilia and goblet cells; Found in the respiratory tract |
Keratinized Stratified Squamous | Found on the palms and soles; Resist abrasion, slows water loss |
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous | Found on tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina |
Transitional | Found in ureter and bladder |
Exocrine Glands | Deliever through a duct |
Endocrine Glands | Have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into the blood |
Types of fibrous connective tissue | Collagenous, elastic, and reticular |
Cell types in fibrous connective tissue | Fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes (fat), chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts (bone) and blood cells |
Collagenous Fibers | Tough, flexible and rest stretch; Tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin |
Reticular Fibers | Form framework of lymph organs; Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein |
Elastic fibers | Made of protein called elastin; Allows large arteries to stretch and recoil |
Types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
Hyaline Cartilage | Found in the trachea, larynx and lining of the joints |
Elatic Cartilage | Provides flexible, elastic support; found on the external ear |
Fibrocartilage | Contains bundles of collagen fibers; Resists compression and absorbs shock |
Blood Cells | Fluid connective tissue |
Plasma | Blood's liquid ground substance |
Erythrocytes | Red blood cells; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Leukocytes | White blood cells; defense against infection and other diseases |
Platelets | Cell fragments involved in clotting |
Skeletal Muscle | Striated; Voluntary |
Cardiac Muscle | Striated; Involuntary |
Smooth Muscle | Non-Striated; Involuntary |
Tight junctions | Fusion of outer phospholipid layers; acts as seal between cells |
Desmosomes | Attach one cell to another by proteins; very strong button like |
Gap Junctions | Connexons; allow movement of ions and small molecules between cells |
Hyperplasia | Tissue growth due to increased # of cells |
Hypertrophy | Tissue growth due to enlargement of preexisting cells |
Atrophy | Shrinkage of tissue |
Metaplasia | Change from one type of mature tissue to another |
Neoplasia | Development of a tumor (neoplasm) |
Regeneration | Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before; restores normal function |
Fibrosis | Replacemetn of damaged cells with scar tissue; does not restore normal function |
Serous Membrane | (serosa) Internal membrane |
Mesothelium | Lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura) |
Endothelium | Lines blood vessels and heart |
Mucus Membrane | (mucosa) Lines passageways that open to the outside |