Question | Answer |
Language | an arbitrary, symbolic system that labels and categorizes objects, events, groups, people, ideas, feelings, experiences, and many other phenomena |
Denotative Meaning | emphasizes its objective, dictionary definition shared and recognized by the majority members of a linguistic community |
Connotative Meaning | stresses the subjective, interpretive meanings of a word constructed by individual members based on their cultural and personalized language experience |
Phonological Rules (Phonology) | refer to the different accepted procedures for combining phonemes |
Phonemes | the smallest sound units of a word |
Accent | the inflection or tone of voice that is taken to be characteristic of an individual |
Morphological Rules (Morphology) | refers to how combinations of different sounds make up a meaningful word or part of a word |
Syntactic Rules (Syntactics) | refer to how words are sequenced together in accordance with the grammatical practices of the linguistic community |
Semantic Rules (Semantics) | concern the features of meaning we attach to words |
Pragmatic Rules (Pragmatics) | refer to the contextual rules that govern language usage in a particular culture |
Speech Community | a group of individuals who share a common set of normative expectations and communication rules regarding appropriate or inappropriate interaction practices in a community |
Inductive Reasoning | refers to the importance of facts and evidence to make a claim |
Deductive Reasoning | refers to the primacy of conceptual models or big principles to start and then moves on to specific analytical points of inferences and factual conclusions |
Linear Worldview | emphasizes rational or analytical thinking that is based on an objective reality |
Relational Worldview | emphasizes holistic or connected thinking that is based on a contextual reality |
Relational Worldview | emphasizes the importance of concerns about relational loyalty and trust, extended family connections, and ingroup membership dignity and honor |
Dramatic Spiral Reasoning | style that includes effusive metaphors, stories, parables, and wide range of flowery adjectives to reinforce a point |
Understated Spiral Reasoning | style that includes subtle messages, implied hints, reserved talks, relational reasons, and tactful nonverbal gestures to convey an intended meaning and context |
Low-Context Communication | the emphasis is on how intention or meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages |
High-Context Communication | the emphasis is on how intention or meaning can best be conveyed through the embedded contexts and the nonverbal channels of the verbal message |
Direct Style | statements tend to reveal the speaker's intentions with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice |
Indirect Style | statements tend to camouflage the speaker's actual intentions and are carried out with a softer tone |
Self-Enhancement Style | emphasizes the importance of drawing attention to or exaggerating one's credentials, outstanding accomplishments, and special abilities |
Self-Humbling Style | emphasizes the importance of downplaying oneself via modest talk, restraint, hesitation, and the use of self-deprecation message concerning one's performance or effort |