Question | Answer | Question | Answer |
Phylogenetics | -Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestor
-Grouping organisms according to common properties implies that a group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor
.Anatomy
.Fossils
.rRNA | Morphological characteristics | Useful for identifying eukaryotes |
Taxonomy | -The science of classifying organisms
-Provides universal names for organisms
-Provides a reference for identifying organisms | Differential staining | Gram staining, acid-fast staining |
Prokaryotic species | A population of cells with similar characteristics
Culture: Grown in laboratory media
Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell
Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone | Biochemical tests | Determines presence of bacterial enzymes |
Eukaryotic species | A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves | Serology | -Agglutination occurs in a positive sample
-Combine known antiserum plus unknown bacterium |
Animalia | Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic | Identification | Matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms.
-Clinical lab identification |
Plantae | Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic | ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | -Known antibodies
-Unknown type of bacterium
-Antibodies linked to enzyme |
Fungi | Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments | Flow Cytometry | -Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species
-Fluorescence of some species
-Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye |
Viral species | Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | -complete hybridization: Identical
-partial hybridization: Related
-no hybridization: unrelated |
Classification | Placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms. | Domain Bacteria | -Proteobacteria:From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes |
The Alphaproteobacteria:
Rickettsia
- | Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
-R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the deadliest tick fever | Alphaproteobacteria:
Agrobacterium | Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor |
The Alphaproteobacteria:Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | -Azospirillum
-Rhizobium | The Betaproteobacteria | -Bordetella:
B. pertussis
-Burkholderia:
Cepacia-common
in CF patients
Cystic fibrosis |
The Gammaproteobacteria
:Pseudomonadales | -Pseudomonas:
-Opportunistic pathogens
-Metabolically diverse
-Polar flagella
-Common in CF
patients | The Gammaproteobacteria
:Legionellales | -Legionairres Disease
-L. pneumophilia
-30% mortality rate more common in older man |
The Gammaproteobacteria
:Vibrionales | -Vibrio cholerae causes cholera
-Still kills a lot in 3rd world countries
Through excessive lose of chloride ion | The Epsilonproteobacteria:-Helicobacter
-H. pylori | -Helicobacter
-H. pylori:
Multiple flagella
Peptic ulcers
Stomach cancer |
Clostridiales:
Clostridium | Endospore-producing
Obligate anaerobes | Chlamydias: Chlamydia trachomatis | -Trachoma: common form of blindness
-STI, urethritis |
Yeasts | -Unicellular fungi
-Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
-Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically | Sexual Reproduction: Three phases | -Plasmogamy: Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–)
-Karyogamy: + and – nuclei fuse
-Meiosis: Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores) |
Ascomycota | Sac fungi | Fungal Diseases (Mycoses): 5 Mycoses | -Systemic mycoses: Deep within body
-Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin
-Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and nails
-Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair shafts
-Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
Lichens | -Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus
-Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast | Three Types of Lichens | -Fruticose
-Folios
-Crustose |
Rhodophyta | Red algae | Chlorophyta | Green algae |
Diatoms | -Pectin and silica cell walls
-Unicellular
-Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls
-Store oil
-Fossilized diatoms formed oil
-Produce domoic acid | Dinoflagellates | -Red Tied
-Cellulose in plasma membrane
-Unicellular
-Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins
-Store starch
-Some are symbionts in marine animals
-Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning |
Oomycota | -Water molds
-Cellulose cell walls
-Multicellular
-Chemoheterotrophic
-Produce zoospores | Archaezoa | Giardia lamblia: Gastrointestinal infection |
Amoebozoa | Entamoeba:
Ammebic=Dysentory- | Euglenozoa | Trypanosoma spp.
-Sleeping sickness:African sleepning sickness and affects the brain
-Chagas’ disease: -near the Aztecs
-destroys heart |
The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis | The heartworm is a type of filaria, a small thread-like worm | Arthropods as Vectors | -May transmit diseases (vectors)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks |
Arthropods as Vectors | -Mechanical transmission
-Biological transmission
:Microbe multiplies in vector
-Definitive host
:Microbe’s sexual reproduction in vector | General Characteristics of Viruses | -Obligatory intracellular parasites
-Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors |
Protista | A catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms
-Grouped into clades based on rRNA | DNA Chip Technology | Red:gene normal cells
Green:mutated gene tumor
Yellow: in both cells |