| Question | Answer |
| what are the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis | 1)acetyl CoA carboxylase
2)fatty acid synthase
3)citrate lyase |
| what are the stimulants of fatty acid synthesis | 1)high ATP
2)NADPH, NADH, FADH2
3)citrate
4)insulin |
| what inhibits fatty acid synthesis | 1)AMP, ADP(low energy charge)
2)NADP, NAD, FAD
3)palmitoyl CoA
4)catecholamines, glucagon, ACTH, cortisol
5)malonyl CoA |
| what is the enzyme for glycogen synthesis | glycogen synthase |
| what stimulates glycogen synthesis | 1)glucose 6 phosphate
2)ATP(high energy charge)
3)insulin |
| what are the enzymes for gluconeogenisis | 1)pyruvate carboxylase
2)glucose 6 phosphate
3)fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
4)PEP carboxykinase |
| what stimulates gluconeogenisis | 1)low blood glucose
2)glucagon
3)ATP(high energy)
4)pyruvate, lactate, alanine, OAA |
| what inhibits gluconeogenisis | 1)high blood glucose
2)insulin
3)AMP, ADP (low energy charge)
4)fructose 2,6 bisphosphate |
| what is the function of GLUT 2 | glucose, galactose & fructose
-out of the intestine into blood
-into the liver
-insulin dependent |
| what is the function of GLUT 4 | glucose into muscle and adipose tissue
-stimulated by insulin
-stimulated by low energy charge
-facilitated diffusion |
| what are 4 main things to know about glucokinase | -high Km
-not inhibited by G6P
-stimulated by insulin
-in liver |
| what is the sequence for glucokinase | 1)eat carbs
2)elevated blood glucose
3)elevated insulin
4)fat and muscle glucose transport
5)muscle full of glycogen so glycogen goes to liver
6)glucokinase
7)glycolysis runs
8)energy/raw material
9)fat building |
| what are 3 main things to know about hexokinase | -low Km
-inhibited by G6P
-in muscle |
| where is fatty acid synthesis | cytosol |
| what 2 molecules are needed to start fatty acid synthesis | 1)acetyl CoA
2)malonyl CoA |
| fatty acid synthase CRDR | Condenses (adds 2 carbons)
Reduces (with NADPH)
Dehydrates
Reduces (with NADPH) |
| enzymes essential for fructose metabolism | -fructokinase
-triokinase |
| fructose skips what | regulation of PFK |
| conditions that stimulate fatty acid synthesis | 1)high energy
2)lots of acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2, Citrate, sugar
3)insulin |
| what are the key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis | -citrate lyase
-acetyl CoA carboxylase
-fatty acid synthase (CRDR) |
| H
!
R-C-COOH ---->
!
NH3 (amino acid) | R-C-COOH
!!
O (keto acid) |
| what ends in -Cholate | bile salt, steroid hormone |
| HMG CoA reductase is | irreversible |
| where are bile salts made | in the liver |
| HMG CoA ------> mevalonate what enzyme | HMG-CoA reductase |
| storage form of glucose has what kind of bonds | alpha 1,4 or alpha 1,6 |
| what are 2 types of starch | -amylose, alpha 1,4
-amylopectin, alpha 1,4 & 1,6 |
| where would you store glycogen | cytosol |
| where is glucose 6 phosphate | only in the liver |
| glucose 6 phosphate is converted to glucose 1 phosphate by what enzyme | phosphoglucomutase |
| what enzyme is used for UTP+glucose 1 phosphate ----> UDP-glucose | UDP-glucose pyrophorylase |
| what enzyme is used to add glucose to glycogenin | glycogen initiator synthase |
| what enzyme is used to add more glucose to the chain of glycogenin | glycogen synthase |
| when glucose 1 phosphate is converted to glucose 6 phosphate what enzyme is used | phosphoglucomutase |
| what breaks down glycogen | glycogen phosphorylase |
| what 2 enzymes are required for cutting down branches of glycogen | -glucosyl(4:4) transferase
-amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase |
| what regulates the pathway from glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate | 1)low ATP
2)lots of ADP/AMP
3)low glucose
4)glucagon
5)muscle contraction(calcium) |
| what regulates the pathway from glucose 1 phosphate to glycogen | 1)lots of ATP
2)lots of glucose
3)insulin
4)low glycogen levels |
| what is the most potent stimulator of glycogen synthase | glycogen levels in muscle |
| what are the enzymes used in glycogen synthesis | 1)hexokinase/glucokinase
2)phosphoglucomutase
3)UDP glucose pyrophorylase
4)pyrophosphotase
5)glycogen initiator synthase
6)glycogen synthase
7)glucosyl 4:6 transferase |
| what enzymes are used for glycogen breakdown | 1)glycogen phosphorylase
2)phosphoglucomutase
3)glucosyl (4:4) transferase
4)amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase |
| glycogen phosphorylase(liver) during exercise is running faster why? | -muscle contraction uses ATP
-muscle low energy charge
-muscle stimulates PC, glycolysis, kreb's, electron transport chain
-glycogen breakdown
-muscle consumes glucose from blood
-blood glucose is low
-secretes glucagon |
| liver energy charge increases during exercise | glycogen synthase=inhibit
glycogen phosphorylase=stimulate
gluconeogenesis=stimulate
glycolysis=inhibit |
| what happens when you eat sugar and you are resting | -increase blood glucose
-increase insulin
-increase [glucose] in cells
-stimulate glycolysis
-stimulate glycogen synthesis
-stimulate fat synthesis |
| what is gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors |
| what are the main entry points into gluconeogenesis | -pyruvate
-oxaloacetate
-DHAP |
| what are the main non-carbohydrate precursors for gluconeogenesis | -lactic acid
-amino acid
-glycerol |
| where is gluconeogenesis taking place | liver 90% and kidney 10% |
| what enzymes are responsible for the irreversible reactions of glycolysis | 1)hexokinase
2)phosphofructokinase
3)pyruvate kinase |
| WHERE IS PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE | mitochondrial matrix |
| what are the enzymes for glycolysis | -glucokinase
-phosphofructokinase
-pyruvate kinase |
| what are the enzymes for gluconeogenesis | -glucose 6 phosphate
-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
-pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase |
| liver takes up lactic acid and creates | glucose |
| what is the primary source of glucose from gluconeogenesis at rest | alpha ketoacids |
| what is the corresponding alpha ketoacid with alanine | pyruvate |
| what is the corresponding amino acid with pyruvate | alanine |
| what are the 3 common ketones | -acetoacetate
-beta hydroxybutyrate
-acetone |
| which would inhibit ketone body formation | -glucose
-carbs |
| what is the cheerleader for glycolysis, and what does it do | fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, activates PFK in the liver |
| what is the exercise sequence for gluconeogenesis | 1)low energy charge
2)+ glycogen breakdown,glycolysis,kreb's, glucose entry in the muscle
3)lower blood glucose
4)secrete glucagon
5)+glycogen breakdown in liver
6)-glycogen synthesis in liver
7)slows glycolysis in liver
8)+ gluconeogenesis in live |
| what is the cori cycle | muscle-lactate-GNG in liver-glucose |
| what is the glucose alanine cycle | muscle-alanine-GNG in liver-glucose |
| what are the steps for the cori cycle | 1)exercis lowers blood glucose
2)glucagon secreted
3)muscle releases lactate
4)lactate goes to liver becomes glucose
5)GNG + by glucagon
6)lactate turned into pyruvate
7)pyruvate turned into glucose
8)glucose goes into blood
9)muscle gets glucose |
| what are the steps for the glucose alanine cycle | 1)during exercise
2)glycolysis runs fast
3)AA enters krebs
4)pyruvate from glycolysis takes amino group
5)pyruvate + NH3-->alanine
6)alanine goes to liver,pyruvate turns to glucose, NH3 turns to urea
7)alanine-->pyruvate + NH3 |
| where is pyruvate carboxylase | mitochondrial matrix |
| what is NOT gluconeogenic | fatty acid |
| what is stolen from the krebs cycle to make glucose during ketosis | oxaloacetate |
| what is the name of the protein that glycogen attaches to | glycogenin |
| low blood sugar, what is stimulated | pyruvate carboxylase & glycogen phosphorylase |
