Question | Answer | . |
Reproductive Systems and Strategies | Asexual: Fission (i.e. unicellular organisms), Partheogenesis: Virgin birth obligatory/occassional
(i.e. Amazon mollies, whiptail lizards, Aphids) | Sexual:
- Hermaphroditism (sperm AND eggs): Simultaneous/Serial
(i.e. Many invertebrates (Aplysia), Some fishes)
- Gonochorism (sperm OR eggs): Sexually dimorphic (most mammals), Sexually monomorphic (many birds) |
Mating Strategies | Birds: most common - monogamy
Mammals: most common - promiscuity | |
Stages of Reproductive Behavior | Courtship: Attraction, Appetitive Behavior
• Estrus. The periodic state most female mammals are receptive to mating (precedes ovulation).
• Pheromones: maybe cardinal signal btw potential mates
• Proceptive behavior: ear-wiggling, hop-darting.
• Lord | Copulation
Comparative:• Variations in female behavior
– Estrus in many but not all mammals
– ovarian cyclicity
– Induced ovulation (mechanical, hormonal)
• Copulatory lock
• Number of intromissions - Prolactin
• Coolidge effect –refractory period |
Interaction between hormones and behavior | Number of intromissions causes increase in prolactin
in female to permit implantation of fertilized egg. | . |
Effects of manipulation of hormone levels | castration/testosterone therapy effects on high drive, medium drive, low drive | . |
Human Sexual Behavior | • Kinsey Report
-first descriptive information
-surprising findings: prevalence of masturbation,
homosexuality, etc.
• Masters and Johnson
-detailed physiology of copulation and sexual
responses in men and women
-first scientific evidence of female | .. |
Phases of Sexual Differentiation | 1: SRY gene expression by week 7 if XY.
2: If SRY protein is present, testis (testosterone/MRH secretion)(otherwise:ovary: little hormone secretion)
3: If testes, MRH causes mullerian system to regress, and testosterone causes wolffian system to develop | If ovaries, wolffian system spontaneously regresses and mullerian system develops.
4: If testes, 5-alpha-reductase in genital skin converts T to DHT > male external genitalia. Ovaries, peripheral tissue and genital tubercle -> female external genitalia |
XO Genotype: Turner Syndrome | . | . |
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | intersex phenotype | . |
XY Genotype/androgen insensitivity | . | . |
Organizational versus activational effects | . | . |
Aromatase System | | |
Neurochemistry of Sexual behavioral | Prairie Voles: more oxytocin
Montane Voles | . |
Brain Dimorphisms | Rat:
-Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the Preoptic Area (smaller in females)
Humans: Hypothalamic Nuclei and Sexual Orientation
-INAH 1-4: smaller in homosexual men | . |
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