Question | Answer |
alleles | two copies of a gene |
single gene traits | traits determined by a single gene |
DOMINANT trait | trait that is seen |
recessive | the hidden trait |
gene | instructions for building a trait |
homozygous | two of the same alleles for a gene |
heterozygous | two diff alleles for a gene, the dominant allele is the one that is shown |
Phenotype | outward appearance of an individual, includes behavior |
genotype | genetic make up of an individual |
punnett square | axes(outside) have genotype of indiv.
inside has potential genotype of punnet square |
law of segregation | each parent only gives one allele to the gamete of the offspring |
test cross | makes it possible to find out the genotype of an individual showing the dominant allele |
pedigree | type of family tree with the traits of many family members |
sex linked traits | traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosome
recessive more common in males
dominant in females |
carrier | someone who has a recessive trait but does not show it |
incomplete dominance | when an observed trait is in between two homozygous traits ie snapdragon flowers turn pink |
incomplete dominance punnet square | Cr Cr
Cw Cw Cr CwCr
Cw Cw Cr CwCr
C= gene for color
w= white
r=red |
Co dominance | hetero zygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes. neither masks the effects of the other |
Multiple allelism | when a single gene has more than two alleles |
genes alternate form is an allele | true |
polygenic | influenced by many different traits
IE skin color and height |
additive effects | effects of from alleles of multiple genes that all contribute to the ultimate phenotype for a given characteristic |
Pleiotropy | when indiv genes influences multiple traits |
who is effected more by sexlinkeed traits | men because they only haveone X chromosome |
what are genes carried on | chromosomes |
mendels law of assortment | genes behave independent of each other. the inheritance patter of a |
linked genes | genes that are close to each other on the chromosome and are more likely to be inherited together |
nondisjunction | unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis ie downs syndrome
fucks up in anaphase |
reasons for mitosis | growth and replacement(cells) |
apoptosis | cell suicide |
fertilization | the fusion of two reproductive cells |
meiosis | when organisms make reproductive cells, gametes, with only half of their chromosomal info
Produces gametes that differ in terms of alleles |
diploid | cells with two copies of each chromosome (somatic cells) |
hapliods | cells with one copy of each chromosome (gametes) |
gonads | ovaries and testes |
homologous pair | the maternal and paternal copies of chromosomes |
interphase | chromosomes duplicate |
meiosis 1 | first division separation of homologous pairs |
meiosis II | sister chromatids separate into four haploid cells. two with a single copy of one chromosome two with another |
Prophase I | chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs |
Metaphase I | chromsomes line up in the center of the cell |
anaphase I | homologues are pulled to either side of the cell |
telophase I and cytokinesis | nuclear membrane forms around two sister chromatids and two daughter cells form |
prophase II | Chromosomes re condense |
Metaphase II | sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell |
anaphase II | sister chromatids are pulled to either side of the cell |
Telophase II and Cytokinesis | nuclear membranes reassemble and two daughter cell pinch into four haploid gametes |
end result of Meiosis I and II | creation of four haploid daughter cells |
females produce larger gametes than males | true |
eggs have more cytoplasm than sperm | true |
crossing over | occurs in prophase I. the exchange of some genetic info from the paternal homologue and the maternal homologue , causing a to have genetic info from each |
advantages of sexual reproduction | genetic differences between parent and offspring |
disadvantages of sexual reproduction | problems with mating |
advantages of asexual reproduction | efficient and quick |
disadvant of asex reproduct | no genetic diversity |
an individuals sex is determined by the father | true |
sex determination | half sperm get X half Y chromosome, if a sperm with a y gets to the egg then it is a boy if X girl |
karyotype | visual display of someones chromosomes |
ecology | study of individual interactions with their environment |
population ecology | studies the interaction between populations and their environment |
karyotype | visual display of someones chromosomes |
ecology | study of individual interactions with their environment |
growth rate (r) | birth rate - death rate |
population ecology | studies the interaction between populations and their environment |
population growth exponential | rXN N= number of individuals present |
growth rate (r) | birth rate - death rate |
population density | the number of individuals in an area |
density dependent factors | limitation on the growth of a population |
carrying capacity | max number that a population can have before fucking shit up |
Logistical Growth | r*N[K-N/K] |
K | Carrying capacity |
density independent factors | factors that strike down populations without regard to population size ie earthquakes, forest fires |
density dependent factors | factors that strike down populations due to population density ie food scarcity, disease, predators |
buffon | suggested earth was older than 6000 |
cuvier | proved extnction through fossils |
lamark | suggested species change over time |
lyell | suggested that geological forces shaped the earth |
darwims travels | ship : beagle
gal islands |
mutation | the change in a based pair that can be passed down to the next generation if it occurs in sex cells, most mutations suck some are helpful though |
mutagen | something that can cause dna mutation |
genetic drift | a random change in allele frequencies over a generation |
fixation | when there is only one type of allele for a trait in the population |
natural selection | 1 must be a variation of a certain trait
2 variation mus be inheritable(heritability)
3 individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than the other |
five primary lines of evidence for evolution. fossil records | physical evidence that organisms lived in the past |
five primary lines of evidence for evolution. biogeography | patterns of geographic distrubutions of living organisms |
five primary lines of evidence for evolution. molecular biology | examination of life at individual levels of molecules |
five primary lines of evidence for evolution. lab/field experiments | using the scientific method to study evolution |