| Question | Answer |
| All amino acids produce by living systems are called | alpha amino acids. they all have an amino group attached to the alpha carbon |
| Enantiomer | alpha-carbon is asymmetric. It is an enantiomer. Stereoisomer that exhibit a property called chirality. Mirror images. |
| All protein amino acids are what type of enantiomers | L Enantiomers. amino residue is on the left. Except for glycine. |
| Protein turnover | degradation of proteins. continuous process as proteins in the body are constantly replaced. |
| Amino Acid Uses in body | Source of nitrogen (75% for proteins, dna/rna, heme, Ach, hormones) and some can be used for energy during starvation. |
| Nonpolar aliphatic AA | glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine |
| Glycine | H, is a D-enantiomer |
| Alanine | CH3 |
| Valine | CH
/ \
CH3 CH3 |
| Leucine | CH2
CH
/ \
CH3 CH3 |
| Isoleucine | CH- CH3
CH2
CH2 |
| Aromatic(hydrophobic) AA | phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine. |
| Phenylalanine | CH2
Ph |
| Tryptophan | CH2-(2-amino)-cyclopentane-Ph |
| Tyrosine | CH2
Ph
OH
Can form hydrogen bonds through its OH- grouup.
Ability often used by cells to carry out protein function. Relatively reactive. |
| Positive Charged(Basic) Hydrophilic | Histidine, Lysine, Arginine.
Important in electrostatic interactions between substances (ie:dna binding) |
| Histidine | CH2
2-4-dinitro-cycolopentane |
| Lysine | Ch2
ch2
ch2
ch2
nh3+ |
| Arginine | Ch2
ch2
ch2
nh
c=NH
NH3+ |
| Negatively charged(acidic) hydrophilic | Aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, glutamine. |
| Aspartate | Ch2
C
// \
O O- |
| Glutamate | CH2
Ch2
C
// \
O O- |
| Asparagine | CH2
C
// \
O NH2 |
| Glutamine | CH2
CH2
C
// \
O NH2 |
| Hydroxyl Containing AA | Serine/Threonine. Hydrophilic group makes them more hydrophilic and reactive than alanine and valine. OH group hydrogen bonds |
| Serine | CH2
OH |
| Threonine | CH-OH
CH3 |
| Cyclic AA | Proline. side chain bonded to both nitrogen and carbon atoms. It is THREE Carbon side chain. Top one bonds to alphacarbon. Bottom one bonds to amino end nitrogen. makes a cyclopentane. |
| Sulfur Containing AA | Cysteine and Methionine
SH group hydrogen bonds with water |
| Cysteine | CH2
SH
Important due to ability to form covalent bonds with other cysteine. Disulfide bonds. |
| Methionine | CH2
CH2
S
CH3 |
| Essential Amino Acids | Essential for metabolism, health, growth, not synthesized by the body, must be obtained from food.
PVT TIM HALL |
