| Term |
Definition |
| Henry II | (France) punished Huguenots Came to power in 1614 and was previously Grand Admiral. He was killed in a joust, accidentally. |
| Catherinee de Medici | After Henry II death she came into power along with her son and began a civil war against the Bourbon and Guise families. |
| Guise Family | The family who planned to stop Bourbon ambitions and was followed by militant Catholics. |
| Bourbon Family | Next in line to inherit the crown from the Valois family and had the support of the Protestants. |
| Valois Family | The ruling family of France |
| St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre | Catherine ordered the killing of the Huguenot’s leaders and this lead to a massacre where over three thousand Huguenots were murdered in Paris. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants or Calvinists. |
| Henry of Navarre, Henry IV | Protestant Bourbon who came into power in France after the death of Henry III. He said “Paris is worth a mass” and tried to blend the two religious ideals. |
| Edit of Nantes | Granted Huguenots religious toleration and made them an officially protected minority |
| Battle of Lepanto | Philip II defeated the Turks at Lepanto, off the coast of Greece, and gained control of the western Mediterranean. |
| The Revolt of the Netherlands | The Calvinists in Netherlands struck out against the Catholics and destroyed churches. Prince William of Orange led the revolt and encouraged the attacking of Spain by Netherlands. |
| The Spanish Fury | In response to the Netherlands uprising, Philip II sent his troops to Antwerp where they slaughtered seven thousand people. |
| Dutch Republic | The princes of Orange ruled the Dutch Republic and made it the main European money market for the next two centuries. |
| Elizabeth 1 | Came into power after the death of Mary Tudor and became queen of England. She brought Protestantism back to England even after Philips request to maintain the Catholic faith. |
| Mary Queen of Scots | Next in line after Elizabeth, she waited under house arrest creating plots against Elizabeth. Elizabeth finally ordered her beheading after she discovered Mary was working with Philip II. |
| Phillip II | Sent in the Spanish Armada with the praise of Pope Sixtus V to eradicate the heretical Queen Elizabeth. |
| Spanish Armada | Philips great fleet of 130 ships was defeated and forced to return home after losing half of its ships. This was a great victory for Protestants around Europe.Philips great fleet of 130 ships was defeated and forced to return home after losing half of i |
| James I | Came into power as the King of England and Scotland after Elizabeth. |
| Ivan the Terrible | Ruthlessly fought to make Muscovy the centre of the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| Romanov Dynasty | Established peace and state building after the death of Ivan. |
| King Gustavus Adolphus | King of Sweden who fought for the Protestant cause and had the strongest military presence in Northern Europe. |
| Thirty Years War | A war which began as civil wars over religion and spread to the rest of Europe. It started as a war over religion and became political, as well as ruining many countries. |
| Prague | After Ferdinand II was elected he tried to curtail the Protestant’s religious freedom and had two Catholic deputies dissolve a Protestant meeting in Prague. The protestants replied by throwing the two deputies out of a 50ft high window. Later in 1648 th |
| Peace of Westfalia, 1648 | Brought peace to the Thirty Years War and served as a model for resolving conflict among the warring European countries. |
| Poor Laws of 1597 | Throughout the 14th to 16th centuries the wealth of Britain was underwritten by the wool trade and in the quest for this wealth large tracts of land were turned over to sheep farming. This eventually led to an underclass of dispossessed poor wandering t |
| Code of Laws, 1649 | The code consolidated Russia's slaves and free peasants into a new serf class and pronounced that Travel between towns was made forbidden without an internal passport. Russia's nobles agreed to serve in the army, but were granted the exclusive privilege |
| Moscovy | An area of present day Russia. having the strongest economy of all the Russian states. |
| Pilgrims | Europeans who emigrated to the Americas. This was mainly applied to the settlers of Plymouth rock, Massachusetts. |
| African slaves to Virginia, 1619 | The first slaves were brought to Charles County(in place of indentured servants) to work on the plantations(mostly tobacco) in the new colonies. This caused the widespread use of slaves in the American colonies, ending officially in 1865. |
| Puritans | Any person seeking "purity" of worship and doctrine, especially the parties that rejected the Laudian reform of the Church of England. Many of these Puritans settled in the American colonies. |
| William Shakespeare(1564 – 1616) | Famous English playwright, writer, actor whose plays reflected on the contemporary concerns on the nature of power by setting them in faraway times and places. |
| El Greco | He was a prominent painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He applied mannerism and the style of the Venetian Renaissance. |
| Baroque | preeminent in Catholic countries |
| Peter Paul Ruebens | was the most popular and prolific Flemish and European painter of the 17th century. He was the proponent of an exuberant Baroque style which emphasized movement, colour and sensuality. |
| Jean Bodin | (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement (not to be confused with the English Parliament) of Paris and professor of Law in Toulouse. He is considered by many to be the father of political science because of his |
| Opera | Opera is a form of theatre in which the drama is conveyed wholly or predominantly through music and singing. Claudio Monteverdi was the first person to apply this art form, which spread from Italy. |
| Michel de Montaine | February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592) was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. Montaigne is known for popularizing the essay. He became famous for his effortless ability to merge serious intellectual speculation with casual ane |
| Hugo Grotius | argued for a natural law of government that stood beyond secular or divine authority |
| Scientific Revolution | The event which most historians of science call the scientific revolution can be dated roughly as having begun in 1543, the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Astronomer who formulated the theory of heliocentrism |
| Heliocentrism | Heliocentrism is the belief that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. |
| Tycho Brahe | Astrologer and alchemist. Along with his assistant Kjohannes Kepler, he designed the laws for planetary motion |
| Johannes Kepler | (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the 17th century astronomical revolution, was a German Lutheran mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova and |
| Galileo Galilei | He was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher. He improved the telescope, made many astrological observations. He discovered that the Earth revolves around the Sun. |
| Sir Francis Bacon | He was an English philosopher, statesman and essayist but is best known for leading the scientific revolution with his new 'observation and experimentation' theory which is the way science has been conducted ever since. He was knighted in 1603. |
| Rene Descartes | (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650) a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. Dubbed the "Founder of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern |
| Witchcraft | People who acted strangely or appeared to have supernatural powers were accused of being witches. This was almost exclusively in relation to women. Many secularists were accused of this. Scientists, astronomers, etc. were mostly accused. |
| Mannerism | A mannerism is a tenet or belief. |
| Moriscos | Morisco a term referring to a kind of 'New Christian' in Spain and Portugal. They were Muslims who were exiled to North Africa in 1610. |
| Politiques | Political leaders who mostly just wanted peace. |
| Raison d’etat | A country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The notion is an important one in international relations where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of the realist school. |
| Scientific method | systematic experimentation and sational deduction over a reliance on learning and church theology |
| Tithe | Taxes on agricultural products. Usually one-tenth of the total. |
| Gaspard de Coligny | Admiral of France and Protestant leader |
| Christian IV | He was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office unt |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598, granted Calvinists the same rights as Catholics in a mainly Catholic nation. The Edict of Nantes was issued by Henry IV of France on April 13, 1598. This paced the way for tolerance and secularism in France. |
| Dutch agricultural Revolution | Improvements in irrigation, also the use of windmills for power. Also, the baking of tasty waffle delights. |
| Mediterranean economics | The economies of the Mediterranean Empires began to decline. |
| Paracelsus | New drugs, operations, magic, alchemy, heped establish the modern pharmacology, “Father of Pharmacology” |
| Albrecht von Wallenstein | He was a Bohemian soldier and politician who gave his services (an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men) during the Danish Period of the Thirty Years' War to Ferdinand II for no charge except the right to plunder the territories that he conquered. |
| Secularization | long- term process where society and societal values relied less on the influence of the church. |
| White Mountain (1620) | This was an early battle in the Thirty Years' War in which an army of 20,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 25,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor under Karel Bonaventura Buquoy and of t |
