| Question |
Answer |
| Fibrous joints | Synarthroidal joints |
| Synarthrodial joints | Immoveable joints |
| Cartilaginous joints | Slightly moveable joints |
| Synovial joints | Freely moveable joints |
| Hinge joints | Joints that act like a door on hinges, ex. knee |
| Condylar joints | Joints formed by a convex surface within a concave surface permitting movement in two planes, ex. wrist |
| Ellipsoidal joints | Condylar joints |
| Glinding joints | Formed by two flat surfaces coming together allowing side to side, back and forth movement and rotation, ex. intercarpal joints |
| Saddle joints | Formed by two saddle shaped surfaces allowing stabilized movement in two planes, ex. carpometacarpal joint in the thumb |
| Ball and socket joints | Formed by a round, convex surface in a socket or cavity allowing movement in all planes, ex. shoulder |
| Pivot joints | Formed by a cone shaped surface articulating with a concave notch of another bone allowing rotation only, ex. axis to atlas |
| Flexion | Bending movement that reduces the angle of a joint |
| Extension | Increases the angle of the joint |
| Hyperextension | Increasing the angle of the joint past 180 degrees, ex. looking up at the sky |
| Abduction | Moving away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | Moving towards the midline of the body |
| Supination | Rolling the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly |
| Pronation | Rolling the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly |
| Rotation | Movement around the long axis of the bone |
| Lateral rotation | Rotating the anterior segment of the bone laterally |
| Medial rotation | Rotating the anterior segment of the bone medially |
| Right and left rotation | Rotation of the trunk or neck to the right or left |
| Circumduction | Circular or cone shaped movement involving a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, ex. drawing a circle on a chalkboard with a straight elbow |
| Elevation | Lifting a body part upwards |
| Depression | Moving a body part downwards |
| Dorsiflexion | Pulling the top or dorsal surface of the foot upwards |
| Plantar flexion | Pointing the plantar surface of the foot downwards |
| Eversion | Rolling the sole of the foot to face more laterally |
| Inversion | Rolling the sole of the foot to face more medially |
| Protraction | Moving a body part forward |
| Retraction | Moving a body part backward |
| Horiziontal abduction | Moving an abducted part of the body backward, ex. lowering the body in a push-up |
| Horizontal adduction | Moving and abducted body part forward, ex. pushing the body up in a push-up |
| Lateral flexion | Bending the trunk or neck laterally |
| Nuchal ligament | Binds spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae together |
| Acromioclavicular ligament | Binds the distal end of the clavicle with the acromion process |
| Transverse carpal ligament | Covers the tendons for the wrist and finger flexors |
| Flexor retinaculum | Transverse carpal ligament |
| Anterior cruciate ligament | Connects the femur to the tibia |
| Medial collateral ligament | Connects the tibia tot eh femur |
| Anterior talofibular ligament | Binds the distal fibula with the talus |
| Anterior longitudinal ligament | Covers the anterior side of the vertebrae |
| Posterior longitudinal ligament | Situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the membrana tectoria, to the sacrum |
| Ligamentum flavum | Between lamina of adjacent vertebrae |
| Supraspinous ligament | Between spinous processes |
| Ligamentum nuchae | Nuchal ligament |
| Interspinous ligaments | From one spinous processes to another |
| Intertransverse ligaments | Between transverse processes |
| Ipsilateral | Same side (movement) |
| Ipsiflexor | Same side (movement) |
| Contralateral | Affects opposite side (twist, movement) |
| Contraflexor | Affects opposite side (twist, movement) |
| Unilateral | One side only contracting (movement) |
| Uniflexor | One side only contracting (movement) |
| Bilateral | Both sides |
| Radial deviation | Towards the radius (supination, abduction) |
| Ulnar deviation | Towards the ulna (pronation, adduction) |
| Lateral rotation of scapula | Upward |
| Medial rotation of scapula | Downward |
| Opposition | Bringing the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers of the same hand |
