Question | Answer |
what are two ways that growth occurs? | 1. enlargement of a single leaf, fruit, stem, or root
2. the formation of new cells |
Three areas of growth | 1. the stems and roots
2. axils of leaves
3. cambium layer in stems and roots |
differentiation | is the change in cells that results in the formation of a specialized part |
development | growth and differentiation |
genes | basic unit of inheritance |
gametes | egg and sperm |
alleles | different forms of the same gene, same location |
genome | complete set of instructions for making a plant or any organism (like blueprints) |
chromosomes | tightly coiled threads of DNA organized into structures |
consists of two strands wrapped around each other | DNA |
what is DNA made of? | Sugar and phosphate molecules |
how are the strands of DNA connected? | nitrogen-containing chemicals called bases |
adenine binds with what? | thymine |
cytosine binds with what? | guanime |
why do specific bases have to bind with each other? | Space |
the rules of base pairing are often referred to as what? | Watson-Crick base pairing |
gene | specific sequence of nucleotide's bases and they carry information of protein construction. |
proteins | provide the structural components of cells, tissues, and enzymes |
what are proteins made up of? | amino acids |
how many different amino acids are found in proteins | 20 |
Codons | three DNA bases that control what protein is made |
1 protein needs how many base pairs? | about 3000 |
protein-coding is done through what | mRNA |
how are genes expressed? | RNA |
where is RNA transcribed | in the nucleus |
what happens to the RNA after it is made? | moved to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for protein synthesis |
what is gene action controlled by? | hormones and nutrients |
heredity | controls the factors affecting characteristics of any organism |
what are 5 different plant hormones | 1. auxins
2. cytokins
3. gibberellins
4. abscisic acid
5. ethylene |
what is auxins responsible for? | elongations and stem bending |
what is cytokins responsible for? | cell division |
what is gibberellins responsible for? | elongation |
what is abscisic acid responsible for? | many functions |
what is ethylene responsible for? | ripening |
turgor pressure | internal water pressure extending the walls |
what environmental factor effects nutrient uptake and hormonal activity? | temperature and light |
what environmental factor effects pigmentation? | wavelengths |
what are all physiological activity directly related too | temperature |
what are plant hormones and regulators sometimes referred to as? | bio-stimulants or bio-inhibitors |
what do plant hormones and regulators do? | work inside cells to inhibit or stimulate specific enzymes or enzyme systems and assist in regulating plant metabolism |
plant hormones can be used to do what in agriculture? | 1. prevent lodging
2. synchronize maturity
3. weed control
4. promote germination
5. improve crop yields |
with biotechnology are we acceleration the natural selection process? | yes |
with the use of biotechnology is plant breeding any different then the natural selection process? | yes because it is not natural and we may be creating organisms that might not otherwise have existed. |
what is the advantage of biotechnology over selective breeding? | 1. more specific
2. faster
3. flexibility
4. less expense |
how does biotechnology cause less expense? | 1. less pesticide use
2. less cost to the environment
3. less medications for animals
4. less crop loss |
biotechnology definition | methods for the manipulation of genetic information to create life forms that may not have emerged in nature. |
4 major scientific revolutions of this century | 1. unlocking the atom
2. escaping earth's gravity
3. computer revolution
4. biotechnology |
genetic engineering (manipulation) | process of taking genes from their normal location in one organism and either transferring them elsewhere or putting them back into the original organism in a different combination |
what is recombinant DNA (rDNA) | genes that have been cut, reconstructed, and inserted into existing DNA |
how do we break DNA at certain points | enzymes |
plasmids | small circles of DNA that pass easily from cell to cell |
insulin | yeast or bacteria based insulin is replacing animal based insulin |
interferon | protein that helps with MS, Cancer, and Viruses |
Hormones | BST |
what are current uses of biotechnology | 1. resistance to pests
2. resistance to disease
3. higher Quality food |