Question | Answer |
What transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones/ helps maintain the stability of the interstial fluid; and distributes heat? | Blood |
____ blood is slightly heavier and three to four times more viscous than water. | Whole |
Blood volume is usually about what % of body weight? | 8% |
The average sized adult has a blood volume of about how many liters? | 5 liters |
A blood sample is usually about what percent of red blood cells? | 45% |
The white blood cells and platlets account for less than what percent? | 1% |
What is the remaining 55% part of a blood sample that is straw-colored? | Plasma |
What mixture includes water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste? | Plasma |
Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from what cells | Hematopoietic stem cells |
A protein called _____ stimulates large cells called megakaryocytes toproliferate | thrombopoietin |
biconcave discs, thin near their centers and thicker around their rims | erythrocytes |
oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells | hemoglobin |
_____ eventually come apart, yeilding platelets | megakaryocytes |
Prolonged oxygen deficiency | hypoxia |
when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, the resulting ____ is bright red | oxyhemoglobin |
when the oxygen is released, the resulting _____ is darker | deoxyhemoblobin |
the largest blood cells, 2-3x bigger than red blood cells, kidney-shaped nuclei, mature into macrophages | monocytes |
without cytoplasmic granules | agranulocytes |
respond to thrombopoietin and yield platelets | megakaryocytes |
red blood cells | erythrocytes |
white blood cells of immunity; b & t cells | lymphocytes |
leukocytes with granular cytoplasm | granulocytes |
divides and gives rise to specialized/differentiated cells that can be of any type | stem cells |
contain histamine and heparin granules, which promote inflammation and inhibit blood clotting and account for less than 1% of the leukocytes | basophils |
young red cells that contain a netlike structure for a day or two before maturing (remainder of ER) | reticulocytes |
white blood cells that protect against disease | leukocytes |
platelets | thrombocytes |
moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections; 1-3% of total leukocytes | eosinophils |
pac man cells that phagocytize debris and microbes | macrophages |
lobed nucleus with 2-5 segs, called PMNs, 1st WBCs to arrive at infection site, phagocytize microbes, 54-62% of leukocytes | neutrophils |
the oxygen-carrying portion of blood is called | hemoglobin |
the iron-carrying portion of hemoglobin in the blood is called | heme |
a deficiency of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called | anemia |
oxygen-deficiency | hypoxia |
bluish skin | cyanotic |
when hemoglobin breaks down, heme decomposes into iron and the green pigment called | biliverdin |
biliverdin is then converted into an orange pigment called | bilirubin |
what is the lifespan of red blood cells | 120 days |
why are red blood cells destroyed | to create a homeostatic environment by controling the rate of blood cell production |
how are red blood cells destroyed | rupture as they pass through the spleen or liver |
where are red blood cells destroyed | in the spleen or liver then macrophages phagocytize them |
what 2 hormones cause leukocytes to differentiate? Where? | interleukins and colony-stimulating factors. both are found in red bone marrow |
what is the lifespan of leukocytes | 12 hours |
how do leukocytes move and squeeze between cells of small blood vessels | diapedesis
which allows leukocytes to leave the circulation, then they use ameboid motion to self propel |
damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes a process called | positive chemotaxis |
a decrease in the amount of white blood cells | leukopenia |
an increase in the amount of white blood cells | leukocytosis |
a drop in platelet count, | thrombocytopenia |
limits thrombin formation | antithrombin |
contraction of smooth muscles in vessel walls | vasospasm |
an abnormal blood clot forms in a vessel | thrombus |
smallest plasma protein but accounts for 60% | albumins |
insoluble protein threads in clot formation | fibrin |
in muscle/brain tissues; stores energy bonds | creatine phosphate |
soluble plasma protein in coagulation | fibrinogen |
a clot dislodges, breaks loose | embolus |
36% of plasma proteins; alpha/beta/gamma | globulins |
blockage formed in vessel during coagulation | platelet plug |
factor 2, alpha globulin, liver makes, converts | prothrombin |
factor 2a, fragments fibrinogen (factor 1) | thrombin |
stopping of bleeding when blood vessels are damaged is called | hemostasis |
release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissues triggers | extrinsic clotting mechanism |
blood contact with foreign surfaces in the absence of tissue damage stimulates the | intrinsic clotting mechanism |
abnormally activated coagulation associated with bacterial infection or toxins in the blood is called | disseminated intravascular clotting |
a self-initiating action in which the original action stimulates more of the same type of action and can operate only for a short perios of time is called | positive feedback |
when a blood clot forms in a vessel that supplies a magor organ and blocks blood flow and kills tissues the vessels serves, this is called an | infarction |
the most common cause of thrombosis in medium-size arteries, causing abnormal clot formations, as well as fatty deposit accumulations is called | atherosclerosis |
when prolonged immobility causes blood to pool, leading to clot formation, especially in the popliteal veins or in the deep veins of the pelvis, this is called | deep vein thrombosis |
the following is based on the presence or absence of 2 major antigens on red blood cell membranes (antigen A or antigen B) | ABO blood group |
if a pregnant woman is rh-negative and is pregnant with her second child, who is rh-positive, without shots of rhogam, the anti-rh antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, resulting in a condition called | erythroblastois fetalis |
if a person has type A blood, can they accept blood from another type a donor | yes and type o |
if a person has type o blood can they receive blood from any type of donor | no |
if a person has type ab blood, can they receive blood from type a or type b | yes and type o |
if a person has type b blood, can they receive blood from type o | yes |
what happens during a mismatched blood transfusion | red cells burst releasing hemoglobin. Macrophages eat the hemoglobin, breaking it down into heme and globin. Which is broken down even farther to bilirubin produceing jaundice of the skin . kidneys may fail |