Question | Answer |
Axial Skeleton | Forms long central axis of body. Consists of skull, vertebral column, and thorax. Axis. |
Appendicular Skeleton | Bones of the appendages. Consists of limb bones and their girdles. Appendages. |
Sutural bones | Vary in individuals. May be as big as a quarter. Islands of bone in skull. |
Foramen and Canals | Pathway for blood vessels and nerves. |
Paranasal Sinuses | Lined with mucous-catches bad stuff. Warm and humidify air. Make skull lighter. Resonate sound. ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses. |
Vertebral Column | Cervical-7; Atlas (C1), Axis (C2). Thoracic-12. Lumbar-5. Sacrum-5 fused. Coccyx-4 fused. |
Vertebrae | Intervertebral disc, body, pedicle, transverse process, lamina, spinous process, vertebral foramen, articular process, transverse foramen (only cervical). Costal facet and demifacet (only thoracic). |
Intervertebral Discs | Cushion-like pads. NUCLEUS PULPOSUS: pulp in center. Gelatinous, high water content. Enables spine to absorb compressive stress. ANNULUS FIBROSUS: Outer rings, ligament. Inner rings, fibrocartilage. Limits epansion of nucleus pulposus. |
Herniated Disc: | Rupture of annulus fibrosus, followed by protrusion of nucleus pulposus. Pressure on nerve roots-causes pain and numbness. Treatments: NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ex: ibuprofen. Steroid drugs. Physical therapy. Surgery. |
Rib Cage | Sternum. True ribs (T1-T7). False ribs (T8-T12). Floating ribs (T11-T12). Costal Cartilage. Costovertebral angle. 24 total ribs. |
Phlanges | 14 on hand or foot. Proximal, middle, distal phalanx. Thumb=pollex. Big toe= Hallux |
Carpals and Tarsals | 8 carpals per wrist. 7 tarsals per ankle. |
Os Coxa | 3 fused bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis. Symphisis pubis-fibrocartilage. Acetabulum-socket. Obturator foramen. |
Male Pelvis | Tilted less forward. Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep. Bones heavier and thicker. Acetabula closer together. More triangular in shape. |
Female Pelvis | Tilted forward. True pelvis is wide, broad, and shallow with greater capacity. Bones lighter and thinner. Acetabula farther apart. More rectangular in shape. Adapted for childbearing. |
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | Incomplete fusion of facial bones. Occurs in 1 per 1000 births. May experience problems with swallowing and feeding. May affect speech. Can be treated with surgery. |
Spine Curvature Abnormalities | Kyphosis-Hunchback. Lordosis-Swayback. Scoliosis-Most common spine curvature deformity. |
Thalidomide | Another Teratogen. Perscribed as a sleep aid and for morning sickness in 1950s and 60s. Affects limb formation during weeks 4-8 (critical stage of development). Caused phocomelia and amelia |
Limb Malformations | Polydactyly: Extra digits. Meromelia: Partial absence of a limb. Phocomelia: Short, poorly formed limb, fin-like. Amelia: Complete absence of a limb. |