Question | Answer |
learning | change of behavior as a function of experience |
behaviorism | the only valid way to know about somebody is to watch what they do |
functional analysis | maps out exactly how behavior is a function of one's environmental situation |
empiricism | the idea that all knowledge comes from experience |
associationism | any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time and space |
hedonism | people learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain |
habituation | the simplest way a behavior changes as a result of experience |
classical conditioning | ivan pavlov, mostly with animals, salivate to bell not food |
learned helplessness | feeling of anxiety due to unpredictability |
respondant conditioning | the CR is essentially passive with no impact of its own |
operant conditioning | learn to operate on its world in such a way as to change it to animal's advantage |
reinforcement | the behavior become more likely |
punishment | averse consequence that follows an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition |
how to punish | availablity of alternatives, behavioral and situational specificity, timing and consistency, conditioning secondary punishing stimuli, avoiding mixed messages |
dangers of punishment | arousing emotion, hard to be consistent, hard to gage severity of punishment, misuse of power, motivates concealment |
habit hierarchy | behavior most likely to perform is at top and least is at bottom |
drive | state of tension that feels good when the tension is reduced |
primary drives | food, water, comfort, avoidance of pain |
secondary drive | positive drives for love, money, prestige, power |
frustration-aggression hypothesis | the natural, biological reaction of any person to being blocked from a goal |
approach-avoidance conflict | conflict between desires and fear and the way it can change over time |
expectancy value theory | behavioral decisions are determined not just by the prescence or size of reinforcement but by the beliefs of likely behavior |
expectency | an individuals belief about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its goal |
efficacy expectations | belief that one can accomplish something but also one's interpretation of reality matters more than reality itself |
self-efficacy | what a person is capable of doing |
self concept | afffects your efficacy expectation in this domain |
observational learning | learning a behavior vicariously by seeing someone else do it |
reciprocal determinism | how people shape their environments |