| Question |
Answer |
| Aristotelian World View | Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond. |
| Francis Bacon | English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. |
| Tycho Brahe | Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. |
| Robert Boyle | Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt. |
| Andrew Celsius | Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory. |
| Heliocentric Theory | Sun is the center of the universe. Coperican |
| Geocentric Theory | Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian. |
| Descartes | (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations. |
| Discourse on Methods | Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning. |
| Empiricism | Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning. |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees. |
| Galileo Galilei | Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter’s moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World |
| Gresham College | Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity. |
| William Harvey | Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body. |
| Carl Linnaeus | System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals. |
| Natural Law | Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves. |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687). |
| Ptolemy’s System | Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets. |
| The Royal Society of London | Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences. |
| Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities | Rousseau, discuss the innocence of man and his corruption by society. |
| Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. |
| Deism | God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |
| Enlightened despot | Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great. |
| Humanitarianism | Promoting human welfare and social reform. |
| Second Treatise of Government | (1690) Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property. |
| Essay Concerning Human Understanding | (1690) Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory. |
| Rococo | Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentmental portraits. |
| The Spirit of Laws | 1748) Montesquieu, about separation of powers. |
| The Social Contract | Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis. |
| Candide | Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe. |
| Montesquieu | French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate. |
IVC Lesson 11
