| Question |
Answer |
| What are the six cardinal signs of inflammation? | Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of fxn, systemic changes |
| What are the three time categories of inflammation? | Acute (0-48hrs), Subacute (2-10days), Chronic>2weeks |
| What inflammatory cells are involved in acute inflammation? | heutrophils |
| WHat inflammatory cells are involved in chronic inflammation? | monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, granuloma cells |
| What is the first hemodynamic change that takes place in acute inflammation? | vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation |
| Where does increased permeability take place in the vasculature? | postcapillary venules |
| What is exudation? | leakage of fluid and cells into interstiital space |
| What are the stages of leukocyte exudation? | Margination, adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis |
| Describe the selectin family. | Ca-dependent lectins; expressed on the surface of endothelium; mediate rolling of leukocytes at site of inflammation |
| What is P-selectin? | stored in weibel-Palade bodies and alpha-platelet granules; stimulated of TNF or IL-1 |
| What is E-selectin? | synthesized de novo; later recruitment of leukocytes; stimuled by TNF or IL-1 |
| What is L-selectin? | Lymphocyte binding to lymph node venules |
| What is ICAM-1? | intercellular adhesion molecule; surface of cytokine stimulated endothelium |
| What is VCAM-1? | vascular cell adhesion molecule; receptor for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
| What is PECAM-1? | platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; CD-31; important in diapedesis |
| What are integrins? | adhesion molecules; transmembrane in structure; heterodimers |
| What is the most notable Beta-1 integrin? | VLA-4; expressed on leukocytes; bind to VCAM-1 |
| What are beta-2 integrins? | localization of phagocytes to injury; LFA-1 and Mac-1, and CR3/4 are examples |
| What are the 3 pathways for killing/degradation via phagocytosis? | oxygen-dependent (h2o2); h202-myeloperoxidase-halide system; oxygen-independent (leukocyte granules) |
| What are the effects of histamine and serotonin? | arteriorlar dilation; constriction of large arteries; increased permeability of postcapillary venules; immediate and transient |
| What types of cells store histamine and serotonin? | mast cells, basophils, platelets |
| What is the critical step in activation of complement? | cleavage of C3 |
| What are the 3 pathways of complement? | classic (c1), alternate (c3's), lectin (c1-mannose) |
| Which complement fragments are anaphylatoxins? What is their role? | C3a,C4a,C5a; stimulate histamine release |
| What complement serves as chemotaxis? | C5a |
| What complement serves helps to opsonize foreign bodies? | C3b |
| What is Hageman Factor? | Factor XII of clotting system; triggers kinin and clotting |
| What is the first step in the kinin system? | prekallikrein to kallikrein by activated Hageman |
| What does kallikrein do? | forms bradykinin; amplifies Hageman; breaks C5 up; converts plasmin |
| What does bradykinin do? | short-lived vasoactive peptide; increases vascular permeability; dilates blood vessels; contracts smooth muscle; causes pain |
| What is the primary peptide in bee stings? | bradykinin |
| What role does thrombin play? | cleaves fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin clots; link between coagulation system and inflammation |
| What is plasmin's primary role? | lyses fibrin clots |
| What role does plasmin play in inflammation? | activated Hageman; cleaves C3; increase vascular permeability |
| What are the two pathways for arachidonic acid? | Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase |
| What is Thromboxane A2? | potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor |
| What is Prostacyclin PGI2? | vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation |
| What is PGE2? | sensitizes skin to painful stimuli; cytokine induced fever |
| What is PGD2, PGE2, PGF2? | causes vasodilation and potentiate edema |
| What is the lipooxygenase pathway? | converts arachidonic acid to HPETE, to HETE, to leukotrienes |
| Describe Leukotriene B4. | potent chemotactant, neutrophil aggregation, stimulate ROS and lysosomes |
| Describe Leukotrien C4,D4,E4. | intense vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, vascular permeability |
| Describe Lipoxins A4,B4. | negative regulators for leukotrienes, inhibit leukocyte action |
| How is lipoxin formed? | transcellular biosynthetic mechanism; neutrophillic stimulation of platelets |
| What are some actions of PAF? | Platelet activating factor; vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, leukocyte chemotaxis, PG and LkTr synthesis |
| What are the two KEY cytokines of inflammation? | Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor |
| What mainly produces IL-1 and TNF-alpha? | macrophages |
| What is the role of chemokines? | stimulate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation |
| Describe CXC or alpha chemokines. | act on neutrophils; IL-8 |
| Describe CC or beta-chemokines. | act on mono, eosinophils, basophils, lymphcytes; MCP-2 |
| Describe C or gamma-chemokines. | act of lymphocytes; lymphotactin |
| Describe CX,C chemokines. | monocytes and T-cells; fractaline |
| What types of cells produce NO? | macrophages and endothelium |
| What are the effects of NO release? | vasodilation; reduce platelet aggregation and inflammatory response; microbicidal actions |
| What are the effects of extracellular release of ROS? | endothelial cell damage; inactivation of antiproteases; injury to cells |
| What are some neuropeptides involved in acute inflammation? | substance P and Neurokinin A |
| What are some biologica fxns of Substance P? | pain signals, regulate BP, stimulate secretions, increase vascular permeability |
| What are the most likely mediators of vasodilation? | prostaglandins, NO |
| What are the most likely mediators of vascular permeability? | histamine, C5a, bradykinin, Leukotrienes, PAF, Substance P |
| What are mediators of Chemotaxis? | C5a, Leukotriene B4, Chemokines |
| What are mediators of fever? | IL-1, IL-6, TNF, Prostaglandins |
| What are mediators of pain? | prostaglandins, bradykinin |
| what are mediators of tissue damage? | lysosomal enzymes, ROS, NO |
500 Words
