Question | Answer |
Specific heat | A measure of the energy required to effext a temperature change per gram. |
Specific heat of water | 4.18 J/gC |
Heat of Vaporization | The energy required to effect a change of state from liquid to vapor. |
Heat of Vaporization of water | 2280 J/g or 41 kJ/mol |
Convection | A warm body surrounded by air warms the air around it. This air becomes less dense, and moves away, and cooler air moves in to repeat process. |
Conduction | A warm body close to a cold body, heat flows from hot to cold. |
Endothermic reaction | + delta H |
Exothermic reaction | - delta H |
Basic solution | pH greater than 7 |
Acidic solution | pH less than 7 |
pH | -log of hydrogen ion concentration |
Ion - Dipole | A purely ionic molecule interacts with other dipole molecules (i.e.: Na+ and water). The positive charge of the ion is attracted to the negative end of the dipole. |
Dipole - Dipole | An interaction between two polar molecules (i.e.: water and water) where the positive end of one dipole is attracted to the negative end of the other dipole. |
Hydrogen Bonding | An electrostatic attraction between molecules of H bound to an O, F, or N and another O, F, or N. Causes anomalous behavior of water! 15 – 20 kJ/mol |
Dipole - Induced Dipole (dispersion) | A polar molecule creates a dipole (charge separation) in an adjacent non-polar molecule. The strength increases as molar mass increases. |
Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole | Momentary attraction and repulsion between electrons and nuclei creates induced dipoles and leads to a net stabilization due to attractive forces. |
London Forces | A weak dispersion force due to the circulation of electrons between 2 non-polar covalent molecules. |
Amphipathic | Agents that have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
Micelles | Cluster of amphipathic agents, typically in a polar solvent |
Tyndall Effect | The effect of particles suspended in liquid, scattering light. Micelles do this. |
Mixed Micelle | The hydrophobic agent gets locked up in the hydrophilic portion of the micelle. |
What is the function of a mixed micelle? | Allows for the polar solvent to accommodate hydrophobic solutes. |
Electrolyte | A solute which, when dissolved in water produces a solution that conducts electricity. |
Strong electrolyte | Will completely dissociate in water |
Weak electrolyte | Doesn't completely dissociate in water. |
Non-electrolytes | Do not dissociate in water. |
Solubility | The amount of a substance dissolved in moles/L (Ksp). You must know the [products] at equilibrium. |
Buffer systems | A chemical system that is designed to resist changes in pH. |
Buffer Capacity | the amount of added acid or base that a buffer can control. |
Henderson-Hasselbach | ph =pKa + log[CB]/[Acid] |
What is an example of an intracellular buffer system? | Inorganic Phophate |
What is an example of an extracellular buffer system? | Sodium Bicarbonate |
When temperature increases, what happens to the solubility of a gas? | It Decreases. |
When pressure increases, what happens to the solubility of a gas? | It increases. |
Primary Alkali deficit | Deficiency of a proton acceptor (base). Results in acidosis. |
What is the respiratory compensation of primary alkali deficit? | Hyperventilation. Decreases pressure and restores pH. |
What is the renal compensation of primary alkali deficit? | Excretion of NH4+ |
Primary Alkali Excess | Excess of a proton acceptor (base). Become alkalotic. |
What is the respiratory compensation for primary alkali excess? | Hypoventilation, increases pressure and restores pH. |
What is the renal compensation for primar alkali excess? | Excretion of HCO3- |
Primary Carbon Dioxide Excess | Excess of a proton donor (acid). Results in acidosis. |
Amino Acids | Contain a carboxylate group, an amine group and an R-grou |
How can amino acids be categorized based on their R-groups? | Hydrophobic, polar (charged or uncharged), aromatic. |
Zwitterion | A molecule with two charges but no net charge. |
Isoelectric Form | Occurs at the isoelectric pH, where zwitterions form. Can be used to isolate proteins. |
Know Respiration Diagrams, and protein structures are left out because I have them in Cell Bio Cards! | Good Luck! |