Question | Answer |
MALT | Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue |
Lactoperoxidase/Thiocyanate/H2O2 | Membrane damage and loss of pH gradient - bacteriostatic and bactericidal |
Classical Pathway | C1 binds to antigen antibody complex |
Alternative Pathway | Lipid-carbohydrate complex on bacterial cell wall - Factors BDP |
Lectin Pathway | Carbohydrate containing mannose on bacterial cell wall binds lectin (carbohydrate binding protein produced by the liver) |
Complement | C1 - C2a+C4b or factors BDP - C3 - C3b - C5 - C5b+C6+C7+C8+C9 = MAC |
Lymphoid | B cell, T cell, and NK cell |
Myeloid | Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, DC, Mast cell, Macrophage |
Erythoid | Platelets and RBCs |
Anamnestic Response | Heightened, stronger and faster immune response during second encounter |
Cognitive Phase | Binding of foreign antigens to specific receptors on mature cells |
Activation Phase | Sequence of events induced in cells as a consequence of specific antigen recognition - clonal expansion |
Effector Phase | Stage at which cells have been specifically activated by antigens to perform the functions that lead to elimination of the antigen - cytokine/antibody production |
IgG1 | Selective transport, early defense, macrophages, opsonization |
IgG2 | Transduction, inflammatory response, macrophages and neutrophils, opsonization |
IgA | Milk fat, anti-adhesive, dimer, agglutination and toxin neutralization, mucosal tissue, prevent entrance into body = first defense |
IgM | Pentamer, first Ig produced, complement, opsonize, agglutinate, neutralize toxin, only opsonic for PMN with complement |
MHCI | All nucleated cells, ENDOGENOUS, CD8 and T suppressor |
MHCII | Only APCs, EXOGENOUS, CD4, B cells, and APCs |
Non-specific enhancement, inflammatory regulators | TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFNs, IL-8, CSF |
Specific enhancement, amplify non-specific responses | IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-y |
G-CSF | Increase milk SCC, increase milk neutrophils, enhanced PMN chemotactic and bactericidal activity |
GM-CSF | Enhanced PMN chemotactic and bactericidal activity, enhanced antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
Cluster of Differentiation | Membrane molecultes recognized by particular monoclonals, used to differentiate different lineages or maturation stages |
CD4 | MHCII, cytokine production |
CD8 | MHCI, cytotoxicity and suppressor |
TH1 | Cellular immunity, intracellular pathogens, secrete IFNy and IL-2, induces CD8 cells - IL-12 induced |
TH2 | Humoral immunity, extracellular pathogens, secrete IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10, induce B cell antibody production - IL-4 induced |
TH17 | Extracellular pathogens, secretes IL-17, induce macrophages and neutrophils - IL-6 TGFb induced |
Tc | Cytotoxic T cells, intracellular pathogens, secretes TNF and IFN, lyse infected cells |
Treg | Regulate immune homeostasis, secrete IL-10 and TGFb, produce large numbers of cytokines |
yD T cells | Activated by pathogen proteins, produce cytokines, MALT, calf immunity |
Costimulatory Molecules | APC = B7, CD80, CD86
T cell = CD28 |
NSAIDS | Suppress cyclooxygenase (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) |
Steroids | Immunosuppressive, blocks arachidonic acid cascade |
Leukotrienes | Chemotaxis, permeability, bronchial vasoconstriction |
Prostoglandins/prostocyclins | Vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation |
Thromboxane | Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation |
Selenium | Deficiencies = decreased neutrophil function, supplementation = decreased severity and duration of mastitis |
Vitamin E | Decreases incidence of clinical mastitis |
Beta-carotene/Vitamin A | Deficiencies = increase in severity, increased response to stress |
Copper | Deficiencies = decreased ability of immune cells to kill bacteria |
Zinc | Healthy teat skin, deficiencies = increased rate of bacterial infections |
Passive Immunity | Transfer of antibodies from humans or animals |
Adoptive Immunity | Transplantation of immunocompetent cells |
Active Immunization | Stimulation of host immune system, vaccine |
Inactivated | Killed with heat or chemicals, requires booster
Rabies, flu |
Live, attenuated | Disabled virulent properties, preferred for health adults
Chicken pox, measles and mumps |
Toxoid | Inactivated toxic compounds from microorganisms
Foot and Mouth, tetanus |
Subunit (DNA vaccine) | Fragment of organism
Hep B and HPV |
Heterologuous | Microorganism shares cross reacting antigens with disease causing microorganism - J5 and BCG |
Vascular Changes | TNF, IL-1, IL-8, IL-6 |
Leukocyte Infiltration | IFNs, TNF, IL-8 |
Metabolic Changes | IL-6, TNF, IL-1, IFN |
Antigen Recognition | IFNy, TNF, IL-1 |
Clonal Expansion | IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 |