| |
| Neutron | it is neutral
located at the center
atomic mass - atomic # = # of neutrons |
| Protons | +1
located at the center
=Atomic number |
| Elections | -1
very small mass
located in orbitals (electron cloud)
=Proton |
| Atomic Nucleus | center of atom
positive charge |
| Atomic number | Protons |
| Atomic Mass | Protons - Electrons = mass |
| Valance | the valence of an atom or ion is the number of electrons that it can share, give up, or accept from another atom or electron |
| Cations | ions with a positive charge |
| Anions | ions with a negative charge |
| Ionic Bonding | the electrostatic interactions of a cation and an anion |
| Covalent Bonding | sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Hydrogen Bond | -happens between polar molecules
-weak attraction between a partially + hydrogen atom in a molecule and partially - atom in a molecule |
| pH | A measurement of free hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Acid | -a substance that dissociates in water to produce both an H+ and an anion
-proton donor |
| Base(Alkaline) | -accepts H+ when added to a solution
-proton acceptor |
| pH scale | 0-14, 0 being very acidic and 14 being very basic(alkaline), 7 being neutral like water |
| Blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Water | Always neutral,
+ charged hydrogen ions and - charged are produced the dissociation of it |
| Buffers | substance or group of substances that help prevent pH changes |
| Organic Chemicals | those compounds containing carbon atoms |
| Carbohydrates | an organic compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 2:1 |
| Synthesis | put it together |
| Decomposition | take it apart |
| Dehydration Synthesis | one subunit looses an H and the other looses an OH to form water molecules as a new covalent bond is produced |
| Hydrolysis | H is added to subunit and OH is added to another and the chemical bond between them is broken |
| Lipids | Fat like compounds |
| Fatty Acids | long chain of hydrocarbons with carboxylic acid functional group at the end |
| Monounsaturated | Canola, almond, olive oil |
| Saturated | no double bond |
| unsaturated | double bond |
| Polyunsaturated | two or more double bonds |
| Triacylglycerols | -glycerol and 3 fatty acids
-long term energy storage
-insulation and cushioning |
| Phospholipids | -glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate
-membranes
-fatty acids have non polar end |
| Steroids | -four rings of hydrocarboons
-"3 honey combs and an outhouse"
-hormones and cholesterol |
| Prostagladins and other Eicosanoids | -modified 20 carbon fatty acids that are synthesized as needed from arachidonic acid
-communication in nervous system and function in the inflammatory response |
| Proteins | -made of amino acids
-catalysts(enzymes),defense,transport(hemoglobins)(on membranes), structural support(hair,skin proteins),cause movement(make up muscle cells), regulation(hormones) and storage, pH homeostasis as buffers |
| Amino Acids | organic compound containing both a carboxyl (-COOH) and an amino (-NH2) group |
| Peptide bonds | hold amino acids together so that a whole protein chain is created
-form during dehydration synthesis of amino acids |
| Enzyme | act as organic catalysts=chemicals that speed up but are not consumed by chemical reactions |
| Enzymes | -must be built properly
-the active site does catalyzing
-be highly specific on what they work on at the active site
-denaturation my happen in not in right environment
-sometimes need organic helpers |
| Induced fit | Active site changing shape in an enzyme |
| Organic Helpers | -coenzymes
-all or parts of vitamins |
| Co-factors | metalic ions such as Mg++, Zn++, or Ca++ |
| Nucleic Acids | macromolecules that store and transfer genetic or hereditary information in cells
-made of necluotides(ATP-nitrogenous bas, a sugar, and a phosphate group) |
| DNA | -makes proteins such as enzymes
-AT,GC
-2 stands, sugar= Deoxyribose, Thymine |
| RNA | -carry info
-AU, GC
-1 stand, sugar= Ribose, Uracil |
| Polysaccharide | long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds |
| Saccharide | simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH2O)n where n is three or more |
| salt | NaCl |
| Chlorine | extracted from chloride in salts |
