Term | Definition |
Syphilis | Hutchinson's triad - transplancental |
gonorrhea | eye infections in newborns - transcervical |
ureplasmal urethritis | spontaneous abortion - transplancental |
Bacteriodes | intra-abdominal abcess |
Listeriosis | spontaneious abortion, surviving newborn is acutely ill with septicemia and meningitis |
lyme disease | borreliosis- can cause miscarriages, still born, neonatal deaths |
Diptheria | metachromatic granules -picket fence shape
-3rd deadliest toxin |
Pertussis | has endotoxin as part of cell wall and exotoxin produced in cytoplasm that damages tissues in area, attaches to cilia in trachea
-reason why water fountains redesigned |
Streptococcus pneumonia | number one cause of meningitis |
meningococcal meningitis | deadliest meningitis |
Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis | pink/rusty sputum, common inhabitant of nasopharynx |
Haemophilus influenza | can cause otitis media, sinusitis, epiglottis, pink eye, meningitis |
Brazilian purpuric fever | causes purulent conjunctivitis and may lead to meningitis
-caused by Heamophilus influenza |
meningococcal meningitis | Neisseria meningitides |
Meningococcal meningitis | starts as pharyngitis then in the blood then meningitis
-can die in 2 hrs
-stiff neck
-deadliest meningitis |
Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome | if neisseria meningitides affects adrenal gland, death in 10-12 hrs |
Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis
"consumption" |
tuberculosis | rust sputum
-early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex
-treat with INH (isoniazide) |
Primary tb | active |
latent tb | carriers, may develop tb |
Granuloma | lesion of tb |
Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs |
BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD |
QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts |
Tuberculosis | mycobacterium tuberculosis
"consumption" |
tuberculosis | rust sputum
-early tubercle to caseous to ghon complex
-treat with INH (isoniazide) |
Primary tb | active |
latent tb | carriers, may develop tb |
Granuloma | lesion of tb |
Ghon complex | multiple granuloma, seen in tb, in lungs |
BCG vaccine | in Europe, will always have positive PPD |
QFT-G test | gives results similar to PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
mycobacterium cheloni | wound TB, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
mycobacterium haemophilim | immunocomprimised pts |
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV |
mycobacterium bovis | cow TB, transmitted to humans via milk/food
-seldom human to human
-HUNCHBACK
-used to be used for pasteurization |
granuloma | lesion of tb |
ghon complexes | multiple granuloma in tb lung |
BCG | in europe, always have positive PPD |
QFT-G test | results like PPD but quicker and greater specificity |
mycobacterium cheloni | wound tb, arthritis, skin abrasions, not contagious |
mycobacterium haemophilum | immunocompromised pt |
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | associated with HIV |
mycobacterium bovis | cow tb, seldom human to human
HUNCHBACK
-used to be used for pasterurization |
mycoplasma pneumonia | walking pneumonia |
mycoplasma pneumonia | primary atypical pneumonia
-no cell wall
-fried egg appearance on cultures
-can cause Raynaud's |
Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia | arthromycin - can used penicillin (no cell wall) |
Serratia marcescens | pneumonia
-nosocomial
-transmitted through aspiration/ventilators |
Burkholdia cepacia complex | seen in serratia marcescens
-important pathogen in pt with cystic fibrosis |
Legionella pneumophilia | infection after inhaling aerosol
-resistant to chlorine |
Mild form of legionella | pontiac fever |
Legionellosis | Legionaires disease
-resistant to chlorine
-seen on cruises |
Strep pyrogenes | -most common, B hemolytic
-has M protein |
streptokinase | dissolves fibrin clot |
streptolysin | destroys RBCs |
klebsiella pneumonia | nosocomial, resistant, gelatinous red brown sputum |
pneumococcal pneumonia | encapsulated chain of diplococci
-caused by s. pneumonia |
strep pyogenes | strep skin infection
-highly susceptible to penicillin
-can also cause impetigo, flesh eating disease |
erysipelas | strep infection of skin
-red patches, enlarge and swell |
Puerperal sepsis | complication of strep skin infection
-infected uterus
"childbed fever" |
coagulase | staph |
coagulase | forms fibrin clot which allows resistance to phagocytosis |
hyaluronidase | pneumococci, staph, strep |
hyaluronidase | allows tissue penetration |
leukocidin | strep, staph |
leukocidin | disintergrates phagocytes which limit phagocytosis |
hemolysins | clostridium, staph |
m protein | strep |
M protein | helps cell adhere to pharyngeal tissue and retards phagocytes |
intoxication | bacteria releases toxins into the environment (exotoxin) then you eat toxin |
infection | eat bacteria and it releases toxins (endotoxin) |
bacillus | aerobic |
clostridium | anaerobic |
raw milk before pasteurization | <200,000 |
pasteurization standards | <100,000 |
Grade A | 20,000
10 coliforms |
Grade B | 1 million before pasteurization
10 coliforms |
certified raw | 10,000 1 coliform |
holding temp | 62.9 |
holding time | 30 seconds |
flash temp | 71.6 |
flash time | 15 seconds |
ultra temp | 82 |
ultra time | 3 seconds |
ultra high temp | 140 |
ultra high time | 3 seconds |
Parmalat | after ultra high |
botulism bacteria | clostridium botulinum |
botulism | anaerobic bacillus neurotoxin
found in dirt
destroyed by heating >90 for 10 min |
infant botulism | dont give honey
SIDS |
Type A botulism | most virulent |
Type B botulism | European and eastern US |
Type E botulism | marine or lake, seafood in pacific NW, Alaska |
Trivalent antitoxin | of botulism
most effective on E, C, D |
Staph food poisoning | staph aureus |
staph aureus | ptomaine food poisoning
-ptomaine is foul smelling nitrogen in stool
-has coagulase
-found on custards, cream, mayo, ham |
Clostridium perfringens | enterotoxin
-leading cause of food poisoning
-generation time <20 min
-can cause gas gangrene |
typhoid bacteria | salmonella typhi |
typhoid treatment | chloramphenicol - bad because can cause aplastic anemia, depress bone marrow |
typhoid | transmitted by 5 F's (flies, fingers, feces, fomites, food)
-worst of all salmonellas
-WIDAL test
-carry in gall bladder
-rose spots - ulcerates |
Salmonella | from typhoid
-common in poultry, dont stuff! |
Shiga toxin | lambda phages
-common source - shigella dysenteriae, E.Coli (STEC)
-require highly specific recepters |
First response to shiga toxin | killing of cells lead to a breakdown of the lining and hemorrhage, causing blood diarrhea |
Second response to shiga toxin | -targets vascular endothelium of kidney leading to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) |
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome | -seen with shiga toxin
-Shigella dysenteriae
-E.coli |
most common shigella | S. sonnei |
Shigella that secretes shiga toxin | S. dysenteriae |
Shigella | exotoxin 8, proliferate in SI but damage to LI
-can lead to post shigella reiter's syndrome (arthritis) or HUS |
Cholera bacteria | Vibrio cholerae |
Cholera | in human feces, Night soil
-vibrio cholerae
-rice water stools
-fluid loss |
travelers diarrhea bacteria | e.coli |
E.Coli | 0157:H7
-produce shiga toxin
-normally in intestines of cattle to help with vit K
-FASTEST GENERATION TIME (20min)
-can cause HUS |
Campylobacter gastroenteritis | microaerophilic sprillum
-infective dose needed is much smaller than salmonella
-can be mild or very severe
-2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US |
2nd most common cause of diarrhea in US | campylobacter |
helicobacter | peptic ulcer disease
-seen in type O ppl
-acid resistant H. pylori |
pseudomembranous colitis bacteria | clostridium difficile |
clostridium difficile | anaerobic
-cured by discontinuing antibiotics
-can be nosocomial |
brucella | undulant fever
-grow in macrophages
-bacteria multiplies in uterus of infected animals
-growth favored by carb mesoerythritol |
undulating fever | saddleback temp curve from bacteria brucella |
vibrio parahaemolyticus | similar to cholera but halophilic (salt water)
-contaminated fish, shrimp, crabs |
bacillus cereus | runs course quickly, no fever, recovery 2 days
-spores survive cooked foods (often after eating cooked rice) |
major bacterial pollutant | coliforms (E.coli) |
gonyaulax | red tide |
paralytic mollusk poisoning | bivalve mollusks during red tide lead to tingling, resp paralysis |
Gambierdiscus toxicus | consumed by small fish then larger |
Ciguatera fish poisioning | neurologic and muscular intoxicaiton - shark |
scromboid fish poisoning | histamine substance produced by proteus fish like tuna |
most transmitted Std | HPV |
syphilis bacteria | treponema pallidum |
primary syphilis | hard chancre, painless |
secondary syphilis | hair loss maliase, mild fever |
gumma | seen in secondary syphilis |
syphilis transplancental | 4th week
hutchinsons triad
-notched teeth, deaf, impaired vision |
Tabes dorsalis | seen in syphilis |
Tabes dorsalis | slow progessive degeneration of the posterior columns and nerve roots
-Argyll Robertson pupils |
syphilis test | 1.FTA-ABS treponema glows
2.Wasserman test - complement fixation test |
gonorrhea bacteria | neisseria |
gonorrhea | discharge, gonococccal meningitis, transplancental gonococcal opthalmia neonatum
-penicillin resistant
-Gonococcal Reiters syndrome |
complications of gonorrhea | salpingitis, epididymitis |
ureplasmal urethritis | type of mycoplasma |
ureplasmal urethritis | nongonococcal but similar to gonorrhea
-discharge is variable
-complications - low sperm count, spontaneous abortions |
Haemophilus ducreyi | chancroid
-swollen lymph nodes in groin
-#1 std in europe |
#1 std in europe | haemophilus ducreyi |
lymphogranuloma venerum bacteria | clamydia trachomatis |
chlamydia trachomatis | infects lymphoid tissue
-lesion without scar
-then scar leads to edema of genital area and enlargement of genitals
-rectal narrowing in females
-lymphogranuloma venerum |
vaginosis bacteria | gardnerella vaginalis |
vaginosis | no significant inflammation, doesnt occur in males, occurs when pH vagina >5
-CLUE CELLS in discharge |
Leprosy bacteria | mycobacterium leprae |
Leprosy | grows at lower temp
-foot pad of armadillos
-Hansen's disease - skin contact, inhalation, crowded conditions |
Globi | seen in leprosy - disfiguring nodules all over body |
Forms of leprosy | 1.tuberculoid- neural, least offensive
2.Lepromatous- progressive, deformities |
incubation period of leprosy | 2-6 years |
treatment of leprosy | Dapsone |
Staph aureus toxins | 1.coagulase - forms fibrin clot
2.capsule - promotes colonization
3.hyaluronidase - invasin that promotes spread in tissues
4.leukocidin - lyse cell membranes
kinases, hemolysins, leukotoxin |
Most common cause for skin and soft tissue infections | staph aureus |
staph aureus | folliculitis (pimple)
-furuncle (serios follicle infection - boil)
-carbuncle (many boils)
-cellulitis
-impetigo |
scalded skin syndrome | seen in staph |
scalded skin syndrome | exfoliative toxin causing skin to come off - sunburn type rash)
-usually lesion around mouth/nose
-infected areas peel off in sheets |
toxic shock syndrome | seen in staph and strep pyogenes |
toxic shock syndrome | 1.early - rapid fever, sore throat, sunburn like rash
2.peeling of skin
3. sudden drop in BP can add to shock |
strep skin infection | strep pyogenes |
Strep pyogenes | hemolysin toxin, highly susceptible to penicillin |
erythrogenic toxin | from strep pyogenes
-causes scarlet fever
-bright red tongue, sore throat, rash |
ervsipelas | strep skin infection |
ervsipelas | eruptions into reddish patches that enlarge and swell at margins
-skin outbreak usually preceded in body by strep infection |
Yaws | non-syphilitic treponema
-skin contact with infected victim |
mother yaws | 1st raised lesion and raspberry color (frambesia) |
Actinomyces israelli | LUMPY JAW
-enters gums during dental extraction
-SULFUR GRANULES collect, turn lumpy |
Nocardia asteroides | abscessed foot - Madura food
-TB like fever, cough, bloody sputum, cutaneous and pulmonary |
Bacteriodes | #1 agent for intra abdominal abscess |
Bacteriodes | intestinal injury, gangrene, anaerobic |
Domestic animal bites | Pasteurella multicida |
Rat Bite Fever | needs 2 bacteria, streptobacillis and spirillum
-inflammation of lymph nodes |
Cat Scratch fever bacteria | Bartonella |
cat scratch fever | swelling of lymph nodes
-Bartonella |
Anthrax bacteria | bacillus anthracis |
anthrax | aerobic spores in dirt |
two forms of anthrax | 1.cutaneous - abrasion or cut -> pustules, boil like lesion with black crust
2.pulmonary - inhale endospores, high fever, septicemia, flu like symptoms |
When does blood clot like coal? | pulmonary anthrax |
Woolsorter disease and sheepshearer disease | anthrax |
tetanus bacteria | clostridium tetani |
clostridium tetani | -tetanospasmin - neurotoxin blocks relaxation
-lockjaw
-2nd deadliest toxin to man |
Gas gangrene bacteria | clostridium perfringens |
Clostridium perfringens | Gas gangrene - anaerobic
-complication in diabetes |
Leptospirosis bacteria | Leptospira interrogans |
Leptospirosis | -spirochete with hooks
-urine contaminated soil/water/rodent
-TULIPS |
Phase 1 of Leptospirosis | gets into blood, headache, muscle ache, chills, fever for days |
Phase 2 of Leptospirosis | throughout body, kidneys, heart, neuro and liver become seriously infected |
Weil's Disease | from Leptospirosis
-kidney invasion - kidney failure
-can also cause meningitis |
Listeriosis bacteria | Listeria monocytogenes |
Listeriosis | proliferation of monocytes
-excreted in animal feces
-Foodborne - dairy and processed meat, can grow at refrigerator temp
-Causes meningitis
-affects immunosuppressed, cancer, transplancental
-if not treated with penicillin, death in 4 days |
Meloidiosis bacteria | pseudomonas pseudomallei |
Meloidiosis | rare in US from Viet Nam vets
-soil contaminated wounds
-can remain dormant for years, disease triggered by immunosuppression, surgery, influenza |
Bubonic plague | yersina pestis |
Bubonic plague | swollen lymph nodes in arms and groin, become necrotic and turn blue
-death within a week of symptoms
-often first step of a progressive series of illnesses
-often from rat/rat fleas |
Bubos | swollen lymph nodes (seen in Bubonic plague) |
Pneumonic plague | worse form of bubonic plague
-rapid onset
-induced coughing, very infectious, hemoptysis, hematuria |
Lenticulae | black dots scattered throughout body seen in bubonic plague |
Tularemia bacteria | Francisella tularemia |
Tularemia | zoonotic
-RABBIT FEVER
-regional lymph nodes swell
-contracted through skinning rabbits, ingestion of infected undercooked meat
-bacteria survives in phagocytes |
Lyme disease bacteria | borrelia bergdof |
Lyme disease | Lyme borreliosis
-borrelia bergdof - lyme titers test
-spirochete carried by deer and field mice |
most common tickborne disease in US | lyme disease |
Phase 1 of lyme disease | ECM - Erythema Chronicum Migrans - bulls eye rash |
Phase 2 of lyme disease | meningitis, encephalitis, BELLS PALSY, heart and all organs affected, arthritis |
Congenital Lyme | can cause miscarriage, stillborne, neonatal deaths (rare) |
Relapsing fever | Borrelia species ->except for the ones that carry lyme disease, all cause relapsing fever
-greater during summer months
-relapse every 3-10 days, each shorter and less severe |