Question | Answer |
Robert Hooke | 1st drawing of microorganisms, first to use word cell |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Made first simple microscope, first to describe animcules |
Francesco Redi | Raw meat experiment (1st to challenege spontaneous generation) |
Louis Pasteur | Swan Neck Flask experiment (spontaneous generation) developed vaccines |
James Tyndall | fractional sterilization |
Robert Koch | bacteria causing disease anthrax, Koch's Postulates |
Carl Woese | RNA sequencing, 16s/18s RNA two different groups for bacteria and archea |
Lynn Marguelis | Endosymbiotic theory in 1967 |
Han Christian Gram | gram staining technique |
Carl Linneaus | the binomial naming system |
What is the importance of the surface area to volume ratio? | increases nutrient uptake and molecule diffusion, increases growth rate. |
Differences in 5 kingdom and 3 domain system | 5 kingdom has microbes in 3 kingdoms with prokaryotes in Monera. The domain system just has bacteria, archea and eukarya. |
Explain endosymbiotic theory and the evidence supporting it. | Mitochondria, chloroplasts and hydrogenosomes evolved from bacterial endosymbionts of ancentral eukaryotic cells. Evidence: ability to carryout aerobic respiration, the double membranes of organelles. |
Green Florscent Protein excites at ____ and emits at _____ | 395 and 509 |
Limitations of Koch's Postulates | doesn't support asymtomatic carriers, can't always grow the organism in cell culture, shows casual relationships. |
To increase resolution | lower the wavelength or increase numerical aperture. |
In lysis, what are the conditions outside the cell | lower solute concentrations outside, high inside. Water moves in to create equilibrium |
in plasmolysis, what are the conditions outside the cell | high solute concentration ourside, low inside. Water leaves to create an equilibruim. |
Name the 4 steps of binary fission | 1. cell elongation 2. chromosome replication and separation 3. septum formation 4. cell division |
What recruits to the septum ring to initiate cell division? | FTSZ |
Which two bacteria don't physically separate during cell division? | diplobacillicis, streptococcus |
What is the equation for Generation time? | G=t/n |
What is the equation for mean growth rate? | u=n/t |
What is the equation for population size? | P(f)=P(i)*2^n |
What is the equation for generation time and growth rate? | (logfinal-loginitial)/(0.301*t) |
what is an episome? | plasmids that integrate into the chromosome |
what is curing? | loss of a plamsid that happens spontaneously. |
Flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called | spirochetes |
Ridgid bacteria with a helical shape are called | spirilla |
Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization. | True |
Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment is called | plasmolysis |
Although penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, bacterial cells will continue to grow normally in the presence of penicillin in a(n) __________ environment. | isotonic |
The layers of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall can be cross-linked by peptide intrabridges or by direct cross-linking. | False |
Intracellular granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by bacteria for future use are called | inclusions |
Bacteria have a region of the cytoplasm known as the __________, which is not bounded by a membrane but contains the chromosome. | nucleoid |
Some species of aquatic bacteria use inclusion bodies known as ________ to orient themselves in Earth's magnetic field. | magentosomes |
Sedimentation coefficients are proportional to the molecular weight of a particle and are not affected by the volume and shape of the particle. | false |
Viruses have what 4 types of nucleic acid? | ss DNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA |
Bacteria have only one type of nucleic acid what is it? | dsDNA |
What are the four types of asexual reproduction? | budding, binary fission, multiple fission, spores |