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Boone '08-'09
Boone's Final '08-'09
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alliance | formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense. |
| Apostle | leader or teacher of a new faith or movement. |
| Apprentice | young person learning a trade from a master. |
| Armistice | agreement to end fighting in a war. |
| Artifact | an object made by human beings. |
| Atrocity | horrible act committed against innocent people. |
| Barter economy | economic system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another. |
| Caliph | successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims. |
| Calligraphy | the art of producing beautiful hand |
| Capital | money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise. |
| Capitalism | economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a profit. |
| Caste | in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born. |
| Censorship | restriction on access to ideas and information. |
| Citizen | native or resident of a town or city. |
| Civil law | branch of law that deals with private rights and matters. |
| Civil war | war fought between two groups of people in the same nation. |
| Civilization | a complex, highly organized social order. |
| Clergy | the body of people who conduct Christian services. |
| Codify | to arrange or set down in writing. |
| Colony | territory settled and ruled by people from other land. |
| Common law | a legal system based on custom and court ruling. |
| Communism | form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx, according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole. |
| Conscription | “the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service. |
| Consul | in ancient Rome, official from the patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the army. |
| Contraband | during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent. |
| Convoy | group of merchant ships protected by warships. |
| Criminal law | branch of law that deals with offenses against others. |
| Cultural diffusion | the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. |
| Culture | the way of life of a society, which is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience. |
| Cuneiform | in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge |
| Cyrillic | relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages. |
| Decipher | to figure out the meaning of. |
| Democracy | government in which the people hold ruling power. |
| Dharma | in Hindu belief, a person’s religious and moral duties. |
| Dictator | ruler who has complete control over a government; in Rome, a leader appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency. |
| Diet | assembly or legislature |
| Direct democracy | system of government in which citizens participate directly in the day |
| Domesticate | to tame animals and adapt crops so they are best suited to use by humans. |
| Due process of law | the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does. |
| Empire | a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler. |
| Engraving | art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints. |
| Enterprise | a business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. |
| Entrepreneur | person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit. |
| Epidemic | outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease. |
| Ethnic group | large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage. |
| Excommunication | exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law. |
| Federal republic | government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states. |
| Feudalism | loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord. |
| Ghetto | separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live. |
| Gravity | force that pulls objects in the Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth. |
| Great schism | the official split between the Roman catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054. |
| Habeas corpus | principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. |
| Hajj | one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are supposed to make at least once in their lifetime. |
| Heliocentric | based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe. |
| Heresy | religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of the church. |
| Hieroglyphics | system of writing in which pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds. |
| Hijra | Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622. |
| Humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. |
| Humanities | study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome. |
| Hypothesis | an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation. |
| Icon | holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church. |
| Immunity | natural protection, resistance. |
| Indulgence | in the Roman Catholic Church, a pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. |
| Inflation | economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in process linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available. |
| Jihad | in Islam, an effort in God’s service. |
| Jury | legal group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case. |
| Kaaba | the most sacred temple in Islam, located at Mecca. |
| Karma | in Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person’s fate in the next life. |
| Knight | a European noble who served as a mounted warrior. |
| Labor union | workers’ organization. |
| Laissez faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. |
| Legislature | lawmaking body. |
| Martyr | person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs. |
| Means of production | farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods. |
| Mercantilism | policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver. |
| Mercenary | soldier serving in a foreign army for pay. |
| Mesoamerica | region of North America, including Mexico and Central America, in which civilizations with common cultural features developed before Europeans entered the continent. |
| Militarism | glorification of the military. |
| Minaret | slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer. |
| Missionary | someone sent to do religious work in a territory or foreign country. |
| Mobilize | prepare military forces for war. |
| Monarchy | government in which a king or queen exercises central power. |
| Money economy | economic system in which goods or services are paid for through the exchange of a token of an agreed value. |
| Monotheistic | believing in one god. |
| Mosque | Muslim house of worship. |
| Mutiny | revolt, especially of soldiers or sailors against their officers. |
| Neutrality | policy of supporting neither side in a war. |
| Nomad | a person who moves from place to place in search of food. |
| Oligarchy | government in which ruling power belongs to a few people. |
| Ostracism | practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy. |
| Pandemic | spread of a disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world. |
| Papal supremacy | the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers. |
| Patriarch | in the Roman and Byzantine empires, highest church official in a major city. |
| Patron | a person who provides financial support for the arts. |
| Perspective | artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three dimensional effect. |
| Pharaoh | title of the rulers of ancient Egypt. |
| Polytheistic | believing in many gods. |
| Popular sovereignty | basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed. |
| Predestination | Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation. |
| Proletariat | working class. |
| Prophet | spiritual leader who interprets God’s will. |
| Quran/Koran | the holy book of Islam. |
| Radicals | those who favor extreme changes. |
| Reincarnation | in Hindu belief, the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form. |
| Republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people. |
| Revenue | money taken in through taxes. |
| Sacrament | sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Scientific method | careful, step by step process used to confirm findings and prove or disprove a hypothesis. |
| Sect | a subgroup of a major religious group. |
| Secular | having to so with worldly, rather than religious, matters. |
| Self determination | right of people to choose their own form of government. |
| Shah | king. |
| Sharia | body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life. |
| Smelt | melt in order to get the pure metal away from its waste matter. |
| Social contract | an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos. |
| Social democracy | political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system. |
| Social mobility | the ability to move in social class. |
| Socialism | system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses. |
| Soviet | council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian Revolutionaries in 1917. |
| Stalemate | deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. |
| Tariff | tad on imported goods. |
| Technology | the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs. |
| Tenement | multistory building divided into crowded apartments. |
| Traditional economy | economies that rely on habit, custom, or ritual and tend not to change over time. |
| Tribune | in ancient Rome, official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests. |
| Tsar/Czar | – title of the ruler of Russia. |
| Turnpike | private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll to travelers who used it. |
| Tyrant | in ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force. |
| Ultimatum | final set of demands. |
| Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities. |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. |
| Utopian | idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society. |
| Vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people. |
| Zeppelin | large gas filled balloon. |
Created by:
ajmboone
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