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zoobrats chapter 5
extension ch 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Local inflammation | limited area (small cuts) |
| Systemic inflammation | when the irritant spreads throughout the body/when mediators cause changes. |
| Inflammatory disease | chronic conditions such as arthritis, asthma, eczema, chronic bronchitis, irritable bowel syndrome. |
| Tissue repair | replacement of dead cells with living |
| Types of repair | *Regeneration – replacing with new cells similar to the old ones. *Replacement – formed from connective tissue – different from those they replaced. Can result in fibrosis when fibrous connective tissue is the replacement type. |
| Therapeutic inflammation | deliberate creation of inflammation can generate a healing mechanism |
| Pain | “An unpleasant sensation caused by noxious stimulation of the sensory nerve endings…it is a subjective feeling and an individual response to the cause |
| Four distinct processes of pain sensation | Pain transduction Pain transmission Pain modulation Pain perception |
| Pain transduction | process by which noxious stimuli lead to electrical activity in pain receptors |
| Pain transmission | process of transmitting impulses from the site of transduction over peripheral sensory nerves to the spinal cord and brain |
| Pain modulation | involves neural activity through descending neural pathways from the brain that influence pain transmission at the level of the spinal cord |
| Pain perception | subjective experience of pain by the person that is somehow produced by the activity of pain transmission |
| Two types of nerve fibers that carry pain signals | Large myelinated A fibers-fast signals to the spinal cord; local- prickling, sharp, electrical qualities-Felt in 1/10th of a sec. *Small, nonmyelinated C fibers-slow pain signals to skin, dep tissues organs-means tissue damage-1 sec after pain stimuli |
| Nocieptors | receptors for pain, are branching ends of the dendrites of certain sensory neurons; they are found in almost every tissue and respond to any type of stimuli. |
| Adaptation | decrease or disappearance of the perception of a sensation even though the stimulus is still there |
| areas of the brain influence pain perception | *Hypothalamus and limbic structures serve as emotional centers of pain perception *Frontal cortex provides rational interpretation and response to pain *CNS has a variety of mechanisms for modulating or suppressing nocieptive pain stimuli |
| Neurotransmitters | neurochemicals that inhibit or stimulate activity at postsynaptic membranes |
| Substance P | a neuropeptide – pain specific neurotransmitter in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. |
| Other neurotransmitters | Acetyclcholine Nor-epinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin |
| Pain threshold | the point where a stimulus is perceived as painful is called the pain threshold (varies from person to person) |
| Pain tolerance | refers to the duration or intensity of pain that a person endures before acknowledging it and seeking relief |
| Two types of pain origin | Visceral – pain results from stimulation of receptors in the viscera (internal organs) • Somatic – arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin or receptors in the skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, fascia |
| Pain classifications | Acute Chronic Intractable pain Referred pain Phantom pain |
| Referred pain | may be felt in an area far from the stimulated organ. |
| Phantom pain | usually experienced by amputees. Pain experience as if the limb were still in place |
| Intractable pain | It is chronic pain that does not respond to treatment or exists without demonstrable disease (greatest challenge to providers) (massage may provide temporary symptomatic relief of this type of pain by flooding the sensory receptors with sensation) |
| Chronic pain | persistent or recurrent for indefinite periods usually lasting longer than 6 months |
| Endangerment sites (2 cards) | eyes, kidneys, Areas inferior to the ear, Lymph nodes, Medial brachium (between biceps and triceps),Musclocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, Brachial artery, Basiclic vein, |
| Endangerment sites (2 cards) | Cubital (anterior radial and ulnar arteries, and median cubital vein) area of median nerve,• Deep stripping over a vein in a direction away from the heart (possible valve damage), Application of pressure to the knee |
| Referral | method by which a client is sent to a health professional for diagnosis and treatment of disease |
| Reasons for medication | Stimulate body responses Replace chemical in the body |
| Benign tumors | remain localized within the tissue from which they arise and grow very slowly. |
| Malignant tumors | spread to other regions of the body, migrating via lymphatic or blood vessels; this spread is called metastasis |
| Compression | pressure on a nerve from a bony structure |
| Entrapment | pressure on a nerve from soft tissue |
| Cervical plexus | impingement on the cervical plane (headaches, neck pain and breathing problems |
| Brachial plexus | impingement on the the complex of nerves causes shoulder chest arm wrist hand pain.. muscles most often responsible are scalenes, pectoralis minor and subclavius. (whiplash involves the brachial plexus) |
| Lumbar plexus | impingement of the nerve causes low back discomfort, as well as pain in the abdominal area, genitals, thigh and medial lower leg |
| Sacral plexus | Main branch of this area of nerves is the sciatic nerve. Impingement gives rise to sciatica. Pressure on thie sacral plexus can cause gluteal pain, leg pain, genital pain and foot pain. |
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zoobrat
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