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Other body systemsMT
Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive,R
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous System Description | One of the body's principal control and integrating centers. The other is the endocrine system. |
| Functions of of the nervous system | Sensory, Integrative, and motor |
| Nervous System Function: Sense | Senses certain changes within the body and in the outside environment, this is its sensory function |
| Nervous System Function: Integrative | It interprets the changes |
| Nervous System Function: motor | It responds to the interpretation by initiating action in the form of muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
| Primary Divisions of the Nervous System | Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Central Nervous System Includes | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System Includes | All nerve tissue outside of those structures considrered to be part of the Central Nervous System. |
| Types of cells in nervous system | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| Neuron Description | Highly specialized cells for nerve impulse conduction and for all special functions attributed to the nervous system: thinking, controlling muscle activity, and regulating glands |
| Are neurons capable of mitosis? | No |
| Functionally neurons are classified as: | Afferent, efferent, or interneurons according to the direction in which they transmit impulses relative to the central nervous system. |
| Afferent, or sensory neurons do what? | Carry impulses from peripheral sense receptors to the CNS |
| Efferent or motor neurons do what? | Transmit impulses from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands |
| Interneurons do what? | Located entirely within the CNS, in which they form the connecting link between the afferent and efferent neurons. |
| Neuron Cell Body | In many ways, the cell body of a neuron is similar to other types of cells. It has a nucleus and contains many of the typical cytoplasmic organelles. However, it lacks centrioles, which in other cells play a roll in reproduction. |
| Dendrites and axons | Cytoplasmic extensions, or processes that project from the cell body Dendrites are afferent processes that transmit impulses to the neuron cell body. They are usually but not always, short and brancing which increases their surface area to receive signals |
| Endocrine System Description | The ________ System affects bodily activities by releasing chemical messengers, called hormones into the bloodstream |
| Three classes of hormones | Amines, Proteins and peptides, and Steroids |
| Amines | Derived from one or two amino acids. Examples: epinephrine, norepinephrine,and thyroid hormone |
| Proteins and Peptides | Consists of three or more amino acids. Examples include: all pituitary hormones and insulin |
| Steroids | Derived from cholesterol Examples include: Estrogen and testosterone |
| Function of hormones 1 | Help to control the internal environment by regulating its chemical composition and volume |
| Function of hormones 2 | They respond to marked changes in the environmental conditions to help the body cope with emergency demands such as infection, trauma, emotional stress, dehydration, starvation, hemorrhage, and temperature extremes. |
| Function of hormones 3 | They assume a role in the smooth, sequential integration of growth and development |
| Function of hormones 4 | They contribute to the basic processes of reproduction, including gamete (egg and sperm) production, fertilization, nourishment of the embryo and fetus, delivery and nourishment of the newborn. |
| Function of hormones 5 | They help regulate organic metabolism and energy balance. |
| Types of glands | Exocrine and endocrine |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete products through ducts. They include sudoriferous, sebaceous, ceruminous, mucus, mammary and some digestive glands |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid. Most hormones enter the blood stream and travel through the blood to reach their target cells. However, some hormones, do not enter the bloodstream but instead, work on neighboring cells. |
| Endocrine glands of the body include the: | Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal Thymus |
| Pituitary gland | Known as the master gland, because it releases several hormones, some of which control the release of other hormones. The pituitary is bi-lobed and located in a small cavity of the sephanoid bone in the base of the brain. |
| The anterior pituitary gland secretes seven hormones. They are: | Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Human growth hormone Prolactin Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
| Follicle stimulating hormone | stimulates ovum and sperm production |
| Cardiovascular System Description | Made up of the blood, heart and blood vessels. The heart is at the center of this system. Together with the lymphatic system it is sometimes called the circulatory system. |
| An efficient pump, responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. It is the center of the cardiovascular system. | The Heart |
| Location of the heart | The mediastinum (central chest), beneath the sternum. On the left side |
| Size of the heart | The hearth is slightly larger than the fist. |
| Surrounded by a sac known as the pericardium which serves to protect it and anchor it to the surrounding tissue. | The heart |
| Myocardium | An unique (cardiac) muscle tissue found only in the heart. |
| Chambers of the heart | Has four chambers, two atria, and two ventricles. |
| The Atria | Smaller, with thinner walls, blood is collected here and pumped into the ventricles for further distribution |
| The Ventricles | Larger and thicker than the atria,pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. |
| The Atria and the Ventricles are separated by a thick wall known as the: | Septum |
| Valves | Regulate the flow of blood through the heart |
| Tricuspid valve | lies between the right atrium and right ventricle . |
| Mitral valve | regulates the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| Valves that control the passage of blood out of the ventricles | Pulmonary (on the right), and aortic (on the left). |
| Amount of times the heart beats per minute on average in an adult | 60-80 |
| Is the heart completely autonomous? | No the brain monitors conditions in the internal and external environment and adjusts the heart rate by way of the vagus nerve. (CN X) |
| Blood description | Highly specialized connective tissue consisting of cells in a fluid medium. |
| Lymphatic System Description | A network of vessels and tissues through which fluids can flow from the interstitial spaces into the blood. |
| Most of the fluid that leaves the arteries flows among the cells and renters what system? | Venous system |
| One tenth of fluid renters what system instead of the venous system? | Lymphatic capillaries |
| Color of lymph | Straw colored fluid |
| Lymph node locations | Along the course of the lyphatic vessels |
| Lymph node purpose | They serve to trap and filter foreign particles. To this end, large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages are found in the lymph nodes. |
| Secondary purpose of lymphatic system | It is able to absorb large proteins and particulate matter that is not able to reenter the blood. In this way, the ____ system plays a critical role in regulating the volume and pressure of the interstitial fluid. |
| Speed of lymph flow and method | Slow due to the fact that there is no central pump like the heart. Movement occurs due to peristalsis (rhythmic wave-like movement of the vessels), valves, and the action of the skeletal muscles |
| Tonsils/Adenoids | Found in the pharynx, this tissue contains an abundance of lymph nodes and macrophages |
| Spleen and lymphatic system | Found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The spleen stores antibodies and platelets, and it phagocytes bacteria and old red blood cells. |
| Thymus Gland | Found in the chest of children it is the site of T cell maturation. Atrophies with age. |
| Peyer's Patches | Located in the intestines where immune function is especially important. |
| Langerhans cells | located in the deep layers of the epidermis. They capture and process foreign antigens |
| Vermiform appendix | located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen |
| Functions of the lymphatic system | Absorption and transportation of fatty acids from the GI tract to the circulatory system |
| Lymphatic system and immunity | Plays a crucial role in immunity - the body's ability to resist infection or destruction by foreign organisms, collectively referred to as antigens. |
| Innate immunity | Comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner. These mechanisms include the barrier formed by the skin and destruction of organisms by stomach acid. |
| Urinary System Function | Regulates the volume and composition of fluids in the body and removes waste products and excess fluid. |
| Waste products are filtered from the blood by ____ and excreted in | the kidneys and then excreted in the urine |
| Kidneys description | Bean shaped organs about the size of the fist. |
| Outer layer of kidney | The renal cortex |
| Inner region of the kidney | renal medulla |
| What is the medulla divided into? | Cone shaped structures called renal pyramids. |
| Renal pyramid composition | Segments called nephrons |
| Renal | Kidney |
| Nephron composition | Glomerulus (a rounded tuft of tiny capillaries) bowman's capsule, and a long convoluted tubule |
| Bowman's Capsule | Surrounds the glomerulus |
| Convoluted Tubule is divided into three sections: | Proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule |
| Blood vessels surround this, allowing for resorption of water and other substances needed by the body. | Convoluted tubule |
| Blood passing through the glomerulus is filtered under pressure into the | Bowman's capsule and then the convoluted tubule |
| Water filtered through the kidneys is comprised mainly of | Water, minerals, vitamins, glucose, amino acids, and waste products known as urea and uric acid. Blood cells and other large particles (i.e., proteins) stay in the capillaries |
| While in the convoluted tubules what might be reabsorbed? | Vitamins and minerals |
| What is the re absorption process controlled by? | hormones and chemicals, triggered by the blood pressure, blood pH and specific elemental requirements. |
| Approximately how much of the fluid in the kidneys is reabsorbed? | 99% |
| What waste products are excreted? | Urea, uric acid, along with excess water |
| The entire blood supply is filtered how many times in a 24 hour period? | Approximately 65 times |
| Respiratory System Function | Gas exchange |
| Method of gas exchange in humans | Moving air in and out of the body |
| The respiratory system consists of: | Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
| Nose | Slightly warms, humidifies, and filters the air before it enters the respiratory tract. The ____ is separated into two nares (nostrils) that are divided by a septum. Nasal hair helps to filter the air. |
| Pharynx | A tube that serves as part of the respiratory and digestive tract.The _____ is divided into three sections, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx (aka laryngopharnx) |
| Larynx | The voicebox, contains the vocal cords and the epiglottis, a fold of connective tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea. |
| Trachea | A tube extending from the larynx to the main bronchi, formed of cartilaginous rings |
| Bronchi | The trachea separated into two main branches known as ______ that conduct air into each lung. As the ______ enter the lungs they continue to divide into the bronchial tree |
| Lungs | Two organs responsible for gas exchange. The Bronchial tree in each lung leads to alveolar sacs or alveoli. These are grape-like clusters wrapped tightly in blood vessels. Alveoli are composted of thin walled, epithelial tissue. |
| How many alveoli are in the lungs | About 300 million |
| What takes place as the alveoli | Gas exchange between the blood and the lungs |
| Gas exchange in the human body | Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs through passive diffusion, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This supplies the body with the oxygen it needs. |
| What does hemoglobin do in the blood? | It is the substance in the blood that transports oxygen. |
| By expelling carbon dioxide what is the respiratory system instrumental in doing? | Maintaining the proper pH (acid-base balance) in the blood. |
| Respiration | Overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells. |
| External respiration | The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood. |
| Internal respiration | The exchange of gases between blood and cells |
| The digestive system is divided into two main groups | Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) Accessory Structures |
| Gastrointestinal Tract Description | A continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity and extending from the mouth to the anus. Also known as the alimentary canal. |
| Gastrointestinal Tract Structures | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
| Accessory structures | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Tongue | Comprised of skeletal muscles. Its surface is covered by small bumps called papillae. The papillae are coated with taste buds. The taste buds can detect five basic tastes salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. |
| Esophagus | A muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach |
| Stomach | A bean shaped hollow organ that communicates the esophagus and the small intestine. |
| The stomach secretes: | Hydrochloric Acid Gastrin Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor |
| Hydrochloric acid | Secreted by the parietal cells it begins protein digestion and helps to kill some infectious organisms |
| Gastrin | a hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid |
| Pepsinogen | An enzyme that is converted to pepsin, which further digests proteins |
| Small Intestine | A long convoluted tube that runs from the stomach to the large intestine. There are three sections, the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. |
| Duodenum | Communicates with the stomach and is approximately 10 inches long. The pancreatic ductand the common bile duct both empty into the duodenum. Thus, most of the chemical digestions takes place here. Villi are shorter here than in the Jejunum |
| Jejunum | Follows the duodenum. 8 feet long. The walls of the small intestine contain finger like projections known as villi. Rick with blood vessels, villi, serve to increase absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area. |
| Ileum (digestive tract) | Final portion of the small intestine. About 11 feet long, thus it has significant absorption capability. Its main function is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever nutrients were not absorbed by the jejunum. |
| Lymphoid tissue also known as Peyer's patches is abundant in | The Ilium |
| Gallbladder | A storage unit for bile which is produced in the liver |
| Reproductive System | Human beings reproduce through sexual reproduction. In this process the male sperm fertilizes the female oocyte (egg. The sperm and the oocyte each contain 23 chromosomes, half the number of all other body cells. |
| Once the oocyte is expelled from the ovary it is called a: | Ovum |
| A fertilized ovum is called a | Zygote |
| A zygote receives its chromosomes from | The sperm and the ovum (half and half) |
| Male reproductive organs | The testicles are the primary reproductive organ in the male. Spermatogenesis begins in the seminiferous tubules that lie within the testes. Spermatogenesis is controlled by hormone secretion (FSH and LH). |
| FSH and LH also stimulate what? | Testosterone by cells found in the testicle |
| Testosterone | Not only supports spermatogenesis but it also plays a role in development of the male sex organs, and development of secondary sexual characteristics in the male including hair growth, muscular development, etc. |
| Mature sperm | As they reach maturity they move into a tightly coiled duct known as the epididymis which lies over the testes. Sperm may be stored in the epididymus for up to four weeks before it is either expelled or reabsorbed by the body. |
| Upon leaving the epididymis sperm travels were? | Through the vas deferens (the duct that is severed in the process known as the vasectomy) then through the ejaculatory duct and the urethra and out of the body. |
| Along the way of the sperm through the vas deferens: | An alkaline, nutrient-rich fluid is added by the various s trucures including the prostate gland, the bulbourethral glands, and the seminal vesicles. |
| The urethra runs through the penis, and organ composed of erectile tissue responsible for what? | Introducing sperm to the vagina. |
| Female Reproductive Organs | The primary organs of reproduction of the female are the ovaries. As females develop in the womb, each ovary produces a number of immature eggs, the ovaries, are responsible for producing the eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone. |
| Estrogen plays a role in: | The reproductive cycle and in development of female secondary sexual characteristics (i.e., breast development, hair growth, etc). |
| The uterus (a.k.a. the womb) | is a hollow pear shaped organ in which the fetus develops. |
| The vagina | A canal through which sperm are introduced into the uterus and fetus emerges from the uterus. |
| Ovulation and Implantation | The process of ovulation is stimulated by secretion of FSH and LH. The egg is expelled from the ovary and travels out into the peritoneal cavity where it is trapped by the fimbria (finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube) |
| When fertilization of the ovum does take place where does it usually take place? | In the fallopian tube. |
Created by:
JPZepeda
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