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patho terms quiz 2
Pathophysiology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
DNA | the nucleic acid that contains all of an individuals genes |
Genes | a region on DNA that contains the "code" for making one protein |
Alleles | Different forms of a gene |
Dominant | an allele that is always expressed |
recessive | an allele that will be expressed only when a person is homozygous. it an be "hidden" |
Genotype | a two letter code that describes which alleles a person has |
Homozygous | Having the same 2 alleles |
Heterozygous | having different alleles for a gene |
Expressed | the allele that we can see evidence of |
phenotype | describes what characteristics are produced as a result of having a certain genotype |
chromosomes | the combination of DNA and proteins found in a cell that is going through mitosis (humans have 23 pair) |
autosomes | chromosome pairs 1-22 |
sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans |
karyotype | describes the microscopic appearance of the chromosomes |
diploid | having the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes |
aneuploid | having an abnormal number of chromosomes |
monosomy | missing one chromosome |
trisomy | having an extra copy of a chromosome |
hematocrit | the percentage of blood volume occupied by RBC |
mean corpuscular volume MVC | the average size of a RBC |
anemias | s group of diseases that decreases the ability of blood to carry oxygen |
luekemias | a group of diseases that results in a dramatic increase in the number of leukoblasts |
polycythemia | having abnormally high number of RBC |
pancytopenia | a decrease in the number of all normal blood cells |
erythrocytopenia | a decrease in the number of RBC |
leukopenia | a decrease in the number of white blood cells |
thrombocytopenia | having a low number of platelets |
hemophilia | a genetic decrease in the activity of one of the clotting factors |
thallasemias | a group of genetic anemias resulting in a decrease in the synthesis of globin chains |
intrinsic factor | any factor from within the body |
extrinsic factor | any factor coming from outside the body |
intrinsic factor for pernicious anemia | a protein secreted by gastric glands that is needed for b12 absorption |
extrinsic factor for pernicious anemia | vitamin b12 |
auscultation | any diagnostic procedure that listens to body sounds |
echocardiography | an ultra sound of the heart |
stress test | an electrocardiogram performed while the heart rate is elevated |
angiography | a contrast x-ray showing circulation |
cardiac markers | proteins released from damaged cardiac tissue into the blood; used as diagnostic indicator of myocardial infarction |
normal sinus rhythm | having a normal heart rhythm established by the sinoatrial node |
bradycardia | resting heart rate of <60 beats per minute |
tachycardia | resting heart rate of >100 beats per minute |
valvular incompetence | the inability of valve to either open or close properly |
valvular stenosis | the inability of a valve to open completely |
valvular prolapse | when one of the AV valves swings up into the atrium when it should be closed |
atheroscelerosis | hardening of the arteries |
arteriostenosis | narrowing of the arteries |
ischemia | a local decrease in blood flow due to obstruction |
angina pectoris | chest pains as a result of myocardial ischemia |
myocardial infarctions | ischemic necrosis of heart muscle. heart attack |
TIA | a temporary decrease in cerebral function as a result of ischemia |
cerebral infarction | ischemic necrosis of the cerebrum. stroke |
secondary hypertension | chronic high BP that is a complication of another condition |
primary hypertension | chronic high BP of unknown origin |
aneurysm | localized dilation of an artery or chamber of the heart as a result of a weakness in the wall |
hemoptysis | coughing up blood fro the lungs |
hypoxia | a lack of oxygen |
hypercapnea | an excess of carbon dioxide |
respiratory acidosis | a decrease in the PH of body fluids as a result of the build up of carbon dioxide |
atelectasis | a partial or complete collapse of lung tissue |
pneumothorax | the presence of air between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura |
bullae | a group of over inflated alveoli |
ulcer | a lesion through the skin or mucous membrane |
peptic ulcer | a lesion caused by pepsin |
duodenal ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the duodenum |
gastric ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the stomach |
esophageal ulcer | a lesion in the mucosal lining of the esophagus |
diverticulum | a pouch or sac that develops off of a tubular structure such as the intestine |
diverticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or sac opening off of a tubular structure |
diverticulosis | the presence of diverticulum in the intestines |
cholelithiasis | the presence of stones within the gall bladder or biliary ducts |
neuropathy | a disease of nervous tissue |
myopathy | a disease of muscle tissue |
intravenous pyelogram | a contrast x-ray showing the structures that carry urine |
bun | a blood test used as an indicator of kidney function. measures the quantity or urea which is a waste product of protein metabolism |
creatinine clearance | a measure of kidney function that compares the quantity of creatinine excreted in the urine over a 24 hour period to the concentration of creatinine in the blood |
cystoscopy | using an endoscope to examine the urinary bladder |